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崖

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 岸
崖 U+5D16, 崖
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5D16
← 崕
[U+5D15] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 崗 →
[U+5D17]

Translingual

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Han character

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崖 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 山一土土 (UMGG), four-corner 22214, composition ⿱山厓 or ⿸屵圭)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 314, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8180
  • Dae Jaweon: page 614, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 778, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+5D16

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 崖
alternative forms 崕
厓
𪞢

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 崖
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (圭) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
街 *kreː, *kreː
鞋 *ɡreː, *ɡreː, *ɡreː
娾 *ŋreː, *ŋreːʔ
佳 *kreː
鮭 *ɡreː, *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
涯 *ŋreː, *ŋre
崖 *ŋreː, *ŋre
啀 *ŋreː
厓 *ŋreː
捱 *ŋreː
睚 *ŋreːs
娃 *qreː
洼 *qreː, *qʷraː, *kʷeː
哇 *qreː, *qʷraː
胿 *ɡeː, *kʷeː
溎 *qeːns
觟 *ɡʷraːʔ
黊 *ɡʷraːʔ, *ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː
蘳 *ɡʷraːʔ, *qʰʷe
蛙 *qʷraː, *qʷreː
窪 *qʷraː
卦 *kʷreːs
挂 *kʷreːs
掛 *kʷreːs
詿 *kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs
罣 *kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs
絓 *kʰʷreː, *ɡʷreːs
鼃 *ɢʷreː, *qʷreː
圭 *kʷeː
珪 *kʷeː
邽 *kʷeː
閨 *kʷeː
袿 *kʷeː
窐 *kʷeː, *ɡʷeː
茥 *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
桂 *kʷeːs
筀 *kʷeːs
奎 *kʰʷeː
刲 *kʰʷeː
蝰 *kʰʷeː
楏 *kʰʷeː
睳 *qʰʷeː
畦 *ɡʷeː
眭 *ɡʷeː, *sqʰʷe, *qʰʷe, *qʰʷi
烓 *qʷeː, *kʰʷeːŋʔ
跬 *kʰʷeʔ
恚 *qʷes
硅 *qʰʷreɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) : semantic 山 (“mountain”) + phonetic 厓 (OC *ŋreː, “cliff”).

Alternatively analyzed as Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ŋreː, *ŋre) : semantic 屵 (“cliff”) + phonetic 圭 (OC *kʷeː). In this case, its proto-form could be 屵.

Originally, the phonetic component is not related to the concept of earth (土) since in its original form it represents a pair of ritual axes perhaps made of jade 士. Hence, the link to the concept of earth in this character, 厓 and 街 either comes from folk etymology or its appearence in the Small Seal script.

Etymology

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Same word as 睚 (OC *ŋreːs, “rim of the eye”) and 涯 (OC *ŋreː, *ŋre, “shore, bank”) (Schuessler, 2007). See the latter for etymology.

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 崖
Mandarin Beijing /ia³⁵/
Harbin /ai²⁴/
/ia²⁴/
Tianjin /iɑ⁴⁵/
Jinan /iɛ⁴²/
Qingdao /iɛ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ia⁴²/
Xi'an /nai²⁴/
Xining /nɛ²⁴/
Yinchuan /ia⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɛ⁵³/
Ürümqi /ia⁵¹/
Wuhan /ŋai²¹³/
Chengdu /ŋai³¹/
Guiyang /ŋai²¹/
Kunming /æ³¹/
Nanjing /iɑ²⁴/
Hefei /ia⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ia¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiɑ¹³/
Hohhot /nɛ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦia²³/
Suzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦie̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ŋa³¹/
Hui Shexian /ia⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ŋai¹³/
Xiangtan /ŋai¹²/
Gan Nanchang
Hakka Meixian /ŋai¹¹/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋai²¹/
Nanning /ŋai²¹/
Hong Kong /ŋai²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /gai³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ŋai⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ŋa³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /ŋãi⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /zai³¹/
/ŋai³¹/
Rime
Character 崖 崖
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 疑 (31) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) III II
Fanqie 魚羈切 五佳切
Baxter ngje ngea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ŋˠiᴇ/ /ŋˠɛ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ŋᵚiɛ/ /ŋᵚæ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ŋiɛ/ /ŋæi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ŋjiə̆/ /ŋaɨj/
Li
Rong 		/ŋje/ /ŋɛ/
Wang
Li 		/ŋǐe/ /ŋai/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ŋie̯/ /ŋai/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yí yá
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ji4 ngaai4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 崖
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yá
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ngɛ ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋˁrar/
English river bank; limit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 崖 崖
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 4536 4547
Phonetic
component 		圭 圭
Rime
group 		支 支
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		崖 宜
Old
Chinese 		/*ŋreː/ /*ŋre/

Definitions

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崖

  1. cliff; precipice (Classifier: 個／个 m)
  2. (literary) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

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  • (limit):

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji

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崖

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: げ (ge, 崖)
  • Kan-on: がい (gai, 崖)
  • Kun: がけ (gake, 崖, Jōyō)、まま (mama, 崖)、ほき (hoki, 崖)
  • Nanori: きし (kishi, 崖)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
崖
がい
Grade: S
kan'on
Alternative spelling
崕

From Middle Chinese 崖 (MC ngje|ngea, “cliff, precipice”). Not attested in isolation. First attested in compound 崖岸 (gaigan, “cliff shore, cliff bank”) in 900.[1]

Pronunciation

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Affix

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崖(がい) • (gai) 

  1. [from 900] cliff

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
崖
がけ
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
厓

Shift from older pronunciation kake. First attested in 1280.[2]

May be a shift in usage from compounding element kake as in the synonymous terms 懸路 (kakeji), 懸道 (kakemichi, “cliff road, steep mountain road”),[2] where the kake comes from verb 懸ける (kakeru, “to set into; to set across”), from the way the road would be set into the cliff or mountain.

The change from kake to gake apparently happened some time during the Edo period (1603–1868). This term is recorded as Caqe (then-current Portuguese orthography for modern romanization kake) in the 1603 Nippo Jisho Japanese-Portuguese dictionary.[3]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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崖(がけ) • (gake) 

  1. [from 1280] steep bank, cliff
    Synonym: 切岸 (kirigishi, literally “cut bank”)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
崖
まま
Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Further derivation unclear.

First attested in the Man'yōshū of 759.[2]

Modern references either omit this reading entirely or provide no pitch accent information for this reading, suggesting that it might be archaic or even obsolete in modern usage.[4][5][6]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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崖(まま) • (mama) 

  1. [759–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) steep slope or incline; collapsed part of a levee or embankment

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
崖
ほき
Grade: S
kun'yomi

Derivation unclear. First attested in the late 1100s.[2]

Modern references either omit this reading entirely or provide no pitch accent information for this reading, suggesting that it might be archaic or even obsolete in modern usage.[4][5][6]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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崖(ほき) • (hoki) 

  1. [late 1100s–???] (archaic, possibly obsolete) a steep area on a mountainside, a cliff

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
崖
きし
Grade: S
nanori

Probably from 岸 (kishi, “shore, bank (of a body of water)”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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崖(きし) • (Kishi) 

  1. a surname

References

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  1. ^ “崖岸”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 “崖”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  3. ^ Ishizuka, Harumichi (1976 [1603]) 日葡辞書: パリ本 [Nippo Jisho: Paris edition / Vocabulary of the Language of Japan]‎[3] (overall work in Japanese and Portuguese), Tōkyō: Bensei Publishing, available via Google Books here, right-hand column, 12th entry
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 崖 (MC ngea). Recorded as Middle Korean 애 (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

崖 (eumhun 벼랑 애 (byeorang ae))

  1. hanja form? of 애 (“cliff; precipice; precipitous”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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崖: Hán Nôm readings: nhai, day

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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