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又

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: ヌ, ﾇ, ㄡ, 攵, 文, and 𠬠
又 U+53C8, 又
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C8
← 叇
[U+53C7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 叉 →
[U+53C9]
⼜ U+2F1C, ⼜
KANGXI RADICAL AGAIN
← ⼛
[U+2F1B] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼝ →
[U+2F1D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 29 又

又 (Kangxi radical 29, 又+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 弓大 (NK), four-corner 17400 or 77400, composition ⿻㇇㇏)

  1. Kangxi radical #29, ⼜.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №76

Derived characters

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Descendants

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 43
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3115
  • Dae Jaweon: page 374, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 390, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+53C8

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 又

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 又
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (又) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
絠 *kɯːʔ
醢 *qʰɯːʔ
珛 *qʰʷɯs
栯 *ɢʷɯʔ, *qʷɯ
有 *ɢʷɯʔ
友 *ɢʷɯʔ
右 *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs
宥 *ɢʷɯs
囿 *ɢʷɯs, *ɡʷɯ
侑 *ɢʷɯs
酭 *ɢʷɯs
姷 *ɢʷɯs
又 *ɢʷɯs
佑 *ɢʷɯs
祐 *ɢʷɯs
賄 *qʰʷɯːʔ
蛕 *qʰʷɯːʔ, *ɡʷɯː
烠 *ɡʷɯː
倄 *ɢraːw, *ɢʷɯːʔ
鮪 *ɢʷɯʔ
洧 *ɢʷɯʔ
痏 *ɢʷɯʔ
郁 *qʷɯ
戫 *qʷɯ
哊 *ɡʷɯ

Pictogram (象形) – a right hand. Original form of 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, *ɢʷɯs, “right”). Unrelated to 𠬤 (> 译).

Often written as 彐 in many modern characters such as 事, 聿, 雪, 急, 爭, 尹, and 建 (which is unrelated to 聿).

Etymology

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Adverbial derivation of 有 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “to have; there is”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 又
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 于救切
Baxter hjuwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɨuH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦiuH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiəuH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuwH/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuH/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭəuH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/i̯ə̯uH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yòu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jau6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 又
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yòu
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjuwH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷəʔ-s/
English also, in addition

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 又
Reading # 1/1
No. 15603
Phonetic
component 		又
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		宥
Old
Chinese 		/*ɢʷɯs/

Definitions

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又

  1. again; once more
    又下雨了！  ―  Yòu xiàyǔ le!  ―  It's raining again!
    想了又想  ―  xiǎng le yòu xiǎng  ―  to think and think; to deeply think about
    一次又一次的失敗 [MSC, trad.]
    一次又一次的失败 [MSC, simp.]
    yīcì yòu yīcì de shībài [Pinyin]
    failure after failure
  2. Used to express the coexistence of several conditions or qualities; both ... and ...
    聰明又漂亮／聪明又漂亮  ―  cōngmíng yòu piàoliang  ―  smart and pretty
    我又餓又渴。／我又饿又渴。  ―  Wǒ yòu è yòu kě.  ―  I am hungry and thirsty.
    我又想去，又不想去，該怎麼辦？ [MSC, trad.]
    我又想去，又不想去，该怎么办？ [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ yòu xiǎng qù, yòu bù xiǎng qù, gāi zěnme bàn? [Pinyin]
    I want to go, but I also don't want to go, what should I do?
  3. also; in addition
    達·芬奇是科學家，又是藝術家。 [MSC, trad.]
    达·芬奇是科学家，又是艺术家。 [MSC, simp.]
    Dá Fēnqí shì kēxuéjiā, yòu shì yìshùjiā. [Pinyin]
    Leonardo da Vinci was a scientist also an artist.
  4. Used between a whole number and a fraction
    四小時又十分鐘／四小时又十分钟  ―  sì xiǎoshí yòu shí fēnzhōng  ―  four hours and ten minutes
    二又三分之一  ―  èr yòu sān fēn zhī yī  ―  two and a third
  5. but; on the other hand
  6. Used in negative statements and rhetorical questions for emphasis
    這樣做對你又有什麼好處？ [MSC, trad.]
    这样做对你又有什么好处？ [MSC, simp.]
    Zhèyàng zuò duì nǐ yòu yǒu shénme hǎochù? [Pinyin]
    What good for you is there in doing that?
    嗰啲嘢又唔係我做，關我咩事啫。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    嗰啲嘢又唔系我做，关我咩事啫。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    go2 di1 je5 jau6 m4 hai6 ngo5 zou6, gwaan1 ngo5 me1 si6 ze1. [Jyutping]
    Why should I care about that! It's not like I did it.
    我又唔係冇錢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我又唔系冇钱。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 jau6 m4 hai6 mou5 cin4. [Jyutping]
    It's not like I'm broke.
    你又知？ [Cantonese]  ―  nei5 jau6 zi1? [Jyutping]  ―  Oh, you know this? (surprised tone)

Usage notes

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Compared to 再 (zài) which is used for something that has not happened, 又 (yòu) is used for something that already happened.

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 又 (“again; once more”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 又
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 又
Taiwan 又
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 又
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 又
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 又
Wuhan 又
Guilin 又
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 又
Hefei 又
Cantonese Guangzhou 又, 又試
Hong Kong 又, 又試
Yangjiang 又
Gan Nanchang 又
Hakka Meixian 又
Jin Taiyuan 又
Northern Min Jian'ou 又, 已
Eastern Min Fuzhou 復
Southern Min Xiamen 閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
Quanzhou 閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
Zhangzhou 閣, 閣再, 又閣再, 又閣
Taipei 閣 GT, 閣再 GT, 又閣 GT
Singapore (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再, 又閣
Manila (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再
Chaozhou 又, 又再
Shantou 又
Wu Shanghai 再, 又
Suzhou 亦
Wenzhou 亦
Xiang Changsha 又
Shuangfeng 又
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

See also

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  • (again): 再 (zài)

Compounds

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 又
Kyūjitai
[1][2][3]
又󠄂
又+&#xE0102;?
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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又

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. again, as well
  2. and
  3. also

Readings

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  • Go-on: う (u)
  • Kan-on: ゆう (yū)←いう (iu, historical)
  • Kun: また (mata, 又, Jōyō)

Definitions

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Kanji in this term
又
また
Grade: S
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 又 – see the following entry.
【また】
[adverb] 又, 復: again, as well
[conjunction] and, also
Alternative spellings
復, 亦, 也
(This term, 又, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “又”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 389 (paper), page 244 (digital)
  3. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 268 (paper), page 146 (digital)

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 又 (MC hjuwH).

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [u(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [우(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

又 (eumhun 또 우 (tto u))

  1. hanja form? of 우 (“again; and, also”) [affix]

Compounds

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Compounds

Old Korean

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Both John B. Whitman and Alexander Francis-Ratté speculate of a connection to Proto-Japonic *wa (“I; me”), although Whitman and Francis-Ratté's belief that Korean and Japanese are genetically linked does not have consensus in the field.

Pronoun

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又 (*wu)

  1. we, us
    • c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:
      [我]又衣身隱薄祐爲良
      *wu-uy MWOM-un PAK.WU-hoy-a
      our bodies being poor in fortune
      (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms. Bracketed terms were ignored when read.)

Usage notes

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This term is given as a native Korean equivalent of the Chinese first-person pronouns 我 and 吾 in plural contexts (Chinese not making the distinction morphologically) in three different sources of Korean-language interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Buddhist canon, made between the tenth and thirteenth centuries. Interpretive gugyeol encodes guidelines by which a Korean speaker could have read out a Classical Chinese text in its native Korean translation, much like Japanese kanbun. These three sources accordingly instruct the Korean reader to pronounce the Chinese first-person pronouns as 又 or 于, allowing us to understand that this is the Old Korean word for "we; us".

The Middle Korean first-person plural pronoun 우리 (wuli, “we; us”) is almost certainly derived from it, although the second syllable remains as yet inexplicable.

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Middle Korean: 우리 (wuli, “we; us”)
    • Korean: 우리 (uri, “we; us”)

References

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  • 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/釋讀口訣辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN
  • 이병기 (Yi Byeong-gi) (2014) “구결자료의 어휘 [Gugyeol jaryo-ui eohwi, Vocabulary in the gugyeol sources]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 33, pages 23–61

Vietnamese

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Han character

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又: Hán Việt readings: hựu[1][2][3][4][5], hữu[5]
又: Nôm readings: lại[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hựu (“again”).
  2. Nôm form of lại (“again”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Trần (2004).
  2. ^ Bonet (1899).
  3. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Trần (1999).

References

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