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再

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 爯
再 U+518D, 再
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-518D
← 册
[U+518C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冎 →
[U+518E]

再 U+2F815, 再
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F815
← 內
[U+2F814] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 𠕋 →
[U+2F816]

Translingual

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Stroke order (Mainland China)
6 strokes
Stroke order (Sans-serif)

Han character

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再 (Kangxi radical 13, 冂+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 一土月 (MGB), four-corner 10447, composition ⿱一冉)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 129, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1524
  • Dae Jaweon: page 290, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 18, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+518D

Chinese

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trad. 再/𠕅/𠕂
simp. 再

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 再
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (再) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
再 *ʔsɯːs
洅 *ʔsɯːʔ

Uncertain. There are some hypotheses:

  • Xu Zhongshu: Bottom half of 冓, pictogram (象形) of a fish, then drawn in a similar way to 丙 (perhaps a fish tail). See 魚 and 丙
  • Shizuka Shirakawa：Pictogram (象形) of tools used for weaving ropes.
  • Ji Xusheng: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 魚 (“fish”) + 二 (“two”) – to catch two fish at once (kill two birds with one stone). Compare the original version of 亟.
  • Xu Shen: Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 一 (“one”) + abbreviated 冓 – same as above.

Etymology

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Cognate with 載 (OC *ʔslɯːʔ, “year”), 茲 (OC *ʔsɯ, “year”), 薦 (OC *ʔseːns, “repeatedly”), 洊 (OC *zlɯːns, “again; repeatedly”), 荐 (OC *zlɯːns, “repeatedly”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 再
Mandarin Beijing /t͡sai⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡sai⁵³/
/t͡sai²⁴/ ～見
Tianjin /tai⁵³/
/t͡sai⁵³/
Jinan /t͡sɛ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡sɛ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡sai³¹²/
Xi'an /t͡sai⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡sɛ²¹³/
Yinchuan /t͡sɛ¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡sɛ¹³/
Ürümqi /t͡sai²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡sai³⁵/
Chengdu /t͡sai¹³/
Guiyang /t͡sai²¹³/
Kunming /t͡sæ²¹²/
Nanjing /t͡sae⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡se̞⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡sai⁴⁵/
Pingyao /t͡sæ³⁵/
Hohhot /t͡sɛ⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /t͡se³⁵/
Suzhou /t͡se̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /t͡se̞⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /t͡se⁴²/
Hui Shexian /t͡sɛ³²⁴/
Tunxi /t͡sə²⁴/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sai⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /t͡sai⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /t͡sai⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sai⁵³/
Taoyuan /t͡sɑi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sɔi²³/
Nanning /t͡sɔi³³/
Hong Kong /t͡sɔi¹³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sai²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sɑi²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡suɛ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sai²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /t͡sai³⁵/
Rime
Character 再
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 作代切
Baxter tsojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʌiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡səiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sɒiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡səjH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sᴀiH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sɒiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡sɑ̆iH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoi3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 再
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsojH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]ˁə(ʔ)-s/
English twice; a second time

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 再
Reading # 1/1
No. 16511
Phonetic
component 		再
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		載
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsɯːs/

Definitions

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再

  1. again; once again; a second time; re-
    再玩  ―  zài wán  ―  play again
    一拖再拖  ―  yī tuō zài tuō  ―  to put off again and again
    我再說一遍／我再说一遍  ―  wǒ zài shuō yī biàn  ―  I will say once again.
    後來我再也沒見過他了。 [MSC, trad.]
    后来我再也没见过他了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Hòulái wǒ zài yě méi jiàn guò tā le. [Pinyin]
    Afterwards I have never seen him again.
  2. Used to indicate a continuing situation in conditional or suppositional clauses
    再不出發，我們就會趕不上火車了。 [MSC, trad.]
    再不出发，我们就会赶不上火车了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài bù chūfā, wǒmen jiù huì gǎnbùshàng huǒchē le. [Pinyin]
    If we don't leave now, we're going to miss the train.
  3. more; -er
    再快一點／再快一点  ―  zài kuài yīdiǎn  ―  faster
    再大聲啲得唔得呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    再大声啲得唔得呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    zoi3 daai6 seng1 di1 dak1 m4 dak1 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Louder please.
    小得不能再小的芝麻小事 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    xiǎo de bùnéng zài xiǎo de zhīmáxiǎoshì [Pinyin]
    a trivial matter that cannot be more trivial
  4. Used with 也 (yě) and followed by a negative expression; no matter how...still (not)
    你再努力也不會成功。 [MSC, trad.]
    你再努力也不会成功。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ zài nǔlì yě bùhuì chénggōng. [Pinyin]
    No matter how hard you work, you will not succeed.
    有了這件棉衣，再冷的天我也不怕了。 [MSC, trad.]
    有了这件棉衣，再冷的天我也不怕了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yǒule zhè jiàn miányī, zài lěng de tiān wǒ yě bù pà le. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  5. then; only then
    我們吃過飯再回去吧。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们吃过饭再回去吧。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen chī guò fàn zài huíqù ba. [Pinyin]
    We shall eat before returning.
    到時再算／到时再算 [Cantonese]  ―  dou3 si4 zoi3 syun3 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  6. in addition; on top of that
  7. (literary) twice
  8. (literary) to appear again
    青春不再  ―  qīngchūn bùzài  ―  One’s youth never returns.
  9. a surname

Usage notes

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In Old Chinese, 再 (OC *ʔsɯːs) strictly meant "twice" and not "again". The "second time" sense developed around the Tang dynasty.

再 (zài) is used for something that has not happened, while 又 (yòu) is used for something that already happened.

Synonyms

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  • (one again):
Dialectal synonyms of 才 (“only after; only then; not ... until”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 才2, 再, 方, 始, 方才
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 才2
Singapore 才2
Cantonese Guangzhou 先, 至, 先至
Hong Kong 先, 至, 先至
Hakka Meixian 正
Southern Min Xiamen 才3
Quanzhou 才3
Zhangzhou 才3
Singapore (Hokkien) 才3
Manila (Hokkien) 才3
Shantou 正
Singapore (Teochew) 正
Wu Shanghai 再, 才2
Suzhou 再
Xiang Changsha 才至

See also

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  • (again): 又 (yòu)
Dialectal synonyms of 再 (“again”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 再
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 再
Taiwan 再
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 再
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 再
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 又, 再
Wuhan 再
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 再
Hefei 再
Cantonese Guangzhou 再, 添 >
Hong Kong 再, 添 >
Yangjiang 應
Gan Nanchang 再, 湊 >
Hakka Meixian 再, 添 >
Jin Taiyuan 再
Northern Min Jian'ou 再, 唵
Eastern Min Fuzhou 再, 蓋, 介
Fuqing 介
Southern Min Xiamen 閣, 閣再
Quanzhou 閣, 閣再
Zhangzhou 閣, 閣再
Tainan 閣, 閣再
Singapore (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再
Manila (Hokkien) 閣, 閣再, 過再, 閣過再
Chaozhou 再
Wu Shanghai 又, 再
Suzhou 再
Wenzhou 再, 添 >
Xiang Changsha 再
Shuangfeng 再, 還
Note > - used after the object

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (再):
  • → Japanese: 再(さい) (sai)
  • → Korean: 재(再) (jae)
  • → Vietnamese: tái (再)

Japanese

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Kanji

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再

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. again
  2. twice
  3. second time

Readings

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  • Go-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: さい (sai, Jōyō)
  • Kan’yō-on: さ (sa, Jōyō †)
  • Kun: ふたたび (futatabi, 再び, Jōyō)

Compounds

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Prefix

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再(さい) • (sai-) 

  1. re-, again, repeated
    ページを再(さい)読(よ)み込(こ)み
    pēji o saiyomikomi
    reload the page

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 再 (MC tsojH). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄌᆡ (coy) (Yale: coy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕɛ(ː)] ~ [t͡ɕe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [재(ː)/제(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

再 (eumhun 두 재 (du jae))
再 (eumhun 다시 재 (dasi jae))

  1. hanja form? of 재 (“again”)
  2. hanja form? of 재 (“twice”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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再: Hán Việt readings: tái[1][2][3][4][5][6]
再: Nôm readings: tái[1][2][3], táy[3][7], tải

  1. chữ Hán form of tái (“re-, again”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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