共

共 U+5171, 共 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5171 ← 兰 [U+5170] CJK Unified Ideographs 兲 → [U+5172]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

共 (Kangxi radical 12, 八+4, 6 strokes, cangjie input 廿金 (TC), four-corner 4480₁, composition ⿱龷八)

1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №64

Derived characters

• 供 㓋 哄 垬 娂 㤨 拱 洪 䧆 晎 栱 㬴 烘 珙 䀧 硔 粠 舼 鿁(䜤) 谼 輁(𰺄) 鉷(𫟹) 䱋(𲍎) 䢼 䳍(𮭥) 衖 閧 鬨 烡 異 粪 髸 龔(龚) 巽 恭 拲 㭟 㳟 蛬 輂(𰺅) 䢽 巷 蕻
• 𡶵 𤞒 𧋄 𧶯 𡱒 𢩉 𨜕 𨞠 𠔹 𡋍 𢙄 𢮪 𨂚 𦜞
• 𮲡, 𬮢

See also

• 暴 殿

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 127, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1458
• Dae Jaweon: page 283, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 243, character 2
• Unihan data for U+5171

Chinese

simp. and trad.		共
alternative forms		𦱹 𠔏 𩇿

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 共
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Bronze inscriptions b03459 b03460 b03461 b03462 b03463 b03464 b03465 b03466 b03467 b03468 b03469 b03470 b03471 Small seal script s01989 Transcribed ancient scripts L35581 L35582 L19017 L19018 L19019 L19020 L19021 L19022
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (共) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
港	*kroːŋʔ, *ɡloːŋs
巷	*ɡroːŋs
衖	*ɡroːŋs
鬨	*ɡroːŋs, *ɡloːŋs
烘	*qʰloːŋ, *qʰloːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, *ɡloːŋs
洪	*ɡloːŋ
鉷	*ɡloːŋ
谼	*ɡloːŋ
葓	*ɡoːŋ
哄	*ɡloːŋs
蕻	*ɡloːŋs
恭	*kloŋ
供	*kloŋ, *kloŋs
龔	*kloŋ
珙	*kloŋ, *kloŋʔ
共	*kloŋ, *ɡloŋs
髸	*kloŋ
拱	*kloŋʔ
拲	*kloŋʔ, *kloɡ
蛬	*kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
栱	*kloŋʔ
輁	*kloŋʔ, *ɡloŋ
舼	*ɡloŋ
輂	*kloɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 廾 (“two hands”) + 口 (“an object”) – holding up an object with two hands. Eventually 口 (not “mouth”) came to be written 廿 (niàn) (not “twenty”), which later fused with 廾 to form the modern 共.

Possibly the original form of 供 (“to provide; to offer”).

Etymology 1

Possibly related to 廾 (OC *k(r)oŋʔ, “to fold the hands in front of the breast”), with the stativizing prefix *N- (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Schuessler (2007) also relates this word to 供 (OC *kloŋ, *kloŋs, “to provide”) and suggests the possibility of also relating it to 恭 (OC *kloŋ, “to respect”) and 貢 (OC *koːŋs, “tribute”).

The kā reading in Hokkien is from the weakening of kāng (Wu, 2017; Chappell et al., 2011).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gòng (gong⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong⁴

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гун (gun, III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gung⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): guung⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): qiung⁵ / kung⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiung

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): gung³
• Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kāng / kā / kiōng

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gon
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong⁵ / gong⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gòng
    • Wade–Giles: kung⁴
    • Yale: gùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonq
    • Palladius: гун (gun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гун (gun, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gung⁶
    • Yale: guhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: guung⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɵŋ³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: qiung⁵ / kung⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰiuŋ¹¹/, /kʰuŋ¹¹/

Note:

• qiung5 - vernacular;
• kung5 - literary.

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gung³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuŋ⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gâe̤ng / gê̤ṳng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔyŋ²⁴²/, /køyŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kāng
    • Tâi-lô: kāng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kang
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kaŋ³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kaŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kaŋ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kā
    • Tâi-lô: kā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ka
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ka²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ka³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kiong
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kiɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²/

Note:

• kāng, kā - vernacular (kā - also written as 甲);
• kiōng - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gang⁷
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gon
    • MiniDict: gon^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³gon
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɡoŋ²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gong⁵ / gong⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹/, /kʊŋ⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹/, /kən⁴⁵/

Note:

• gong5 - vernacular;
• gong4 - literary.

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 共
Mandarin	Beijing	/kuŋ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/kuŋ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/kuŋ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kuŋ²¹/
	Qingdao	/kəŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/kuŋ³¹²/
	Xi'an	/kuŋ⁴⁴/
	Xining	/kuə̃²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/kuŋ¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kũn¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kuŋ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/koŋ³⁵/
	Chengdu	/koŋ¹³/
	Guiyang	/koŋ²¹³/
	Kunming	/koŋ¹/
	Nanjing	/koŋ⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/kəŋ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kuəŋ⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/kuŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/kũŋ⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/goŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/goŋ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/goŋ¹³/
	Wenzhou	/d͡ʑyɔ²²/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰuʌ̃²²/
	Tunxi	/kan⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/koŋ⁵⁵/ /koŋ¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/gən²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiuŋ²¹/ ～雙筷子 /kʰuŋ²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiuŋ⁵³/
	Taoyuan	/kʰioŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/koŋ²²/
	Nanning	/kuŋ²²/
	Hong Kong	/kuŋ²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kiɔŋ²²/ /iŋ²²/ /kaŋ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/køyŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kɔŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kaŋ³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/koŋ³³/ /kaŋ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: gjowngH

Rime
Character	共
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠用切
Baxter	gjowngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋH/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋH/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋH/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋH/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋH/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowngH ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/
English	together, all
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共
Reading #	2/2
No.	4182
Phonetic component	共
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	共
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/

Definitions

共

1. common

   共識／共识  ―  gòngshí  ―  common understanding; consensus

2. together

   共進晚餐／共进晚餐  ―  gòng jìn wǎncān  ―  to have dinner together

   • 1984, “天使報信 [Hark! the Herald Angels Sing]”, in 滕近輝 [Philip Teng], 何統雄 [Richard Ho], transl., 《生命聖詩》 [Hymns of Life]:

     興起！地上大小邦，響應諸天共頌揚 [MSC, trad.]
     兴起！地上大小邦，响应诸天共颂扬 [MSC, simp.]

     Xīngqǐ! Dìshang dà xiǎo bāng, Xiǎngyìng zhūtiān gòng sòngyáng [Pinyin]

     Joyful, all ye nations, rise, Join the triumph of the skies [Original English lyrics]
     Rise up! nations of the earth, big and small, Sing praises together in response to the skies [Literal English translation]

3. to share
4. altogether

   我前後共買了五雙鞋。 [MSC, trad.]
   我前后共买了五双鞋。 [MSC, simp.]

   Wǒ qiánhòu gòng mǎi le wǔ shuāng xié. [Pinyin]

   From beginning to end, I altogether bought five pairs of shoes.

5. Short for 共產黨／共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng, “communist party”).

   反共  ―  fǎngòng  ―  anti-communist

   1. (specifically) the Communist Party of China

      國共／国共  ―  guógòng  ―  Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China

6. (literary or dialectal) and
   • 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section XII:

     蜆肉桶肚裡全係坭共水 [Cantonese, trad.]
     蚬肉桶肚里全系泥共水 [Cantonese, simp.]

     hin² juk⁶ tung² tou⁵ leoi⁵ cyun⁴ hai⁶ nai⁴ gung⁶ seoi² [Jyutping]

     A muscle cask, a belly (or mind) full of nothing but mud and water.

   • 1841, Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Chinese Chrestomathy in the Canton Dialect, page 181:

     唐人有𢬿牛乳共糖嚟攪茶有冇呢 [Cantonese, trad.]
     唐人有𢬿牛乳共糖嚟搅茶有冇呢 [Cantonese, simp.]

     tong⁴ jan⁴ jau⁵ kaai⁵ ngau⁴ jyu⁵ gung⁶ tong⁴ lai⁴ gaau² caa⁴ jau⁵ mou⁵ ne¹ [Jyutping]

     Do the Chinese use milk and sugar with their tea?

   • 1993, “海闊天空 [Boundless Oceans, Vast Skies]”, performed by Beyond:

     那會怕有一天只你共我 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     那会怕有一天只你共我 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     naa⁵ wui⁵ paa³ jau⁵ jat¹ tin¹ zi² nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ [Jyutping]

     not afraid that someday there's only you and me

7. (literary or Eastern Min, Hokkien) with; to

   我共你講。 [Hokkien, trad.]
   我共你讲。 [Hokkien, simp.]

   Góa kā lí kóng. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   I tell you.

   • 1989, “千千闕歌”, 林振強 (lyrics), performed by 陳慧嫻:

     因你今晚共我唱 [Literary Cantonese, trad. and simp.]

     jan¹ nei⁵ gam¹ maan⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ coeng³ [Jyutping]

     because you are singing with me on this night

   • (Can we date this quote?), “全因為祢”, 西伯 (lyrics)‎^[1]performed by 鄧婉玲:

     死蔭幽谷中，祢伴我過渡，歡欣裡，風光裡祢共我同在 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     死荫幽谷中，祢伴我过渡，欢欣里，风光里祢共我同在 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     sei² jam³ jau¹ guk¹ zung¹, nei⁵ bun⁶ ngo⁵ gwo³ dou⁶, fun¹ jan¹ leoi⁵, fung¹ gwong¹ leoi⁵ nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ tung⁴ zoi⁶ [Jyutping]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

8. (Eastern Min, Hokkien, dated in Cantonese) for

   共我開門。 [Hokkien, trad.]
   共我开门。 [Hokkien, simp.]

   Kā góa khui-mn̂g. [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   Open the door for me.

   • 1828, Robert Morrison, Vocabulary of the Canton Dialect, volume III, section I:

     你共我呌個木匠黎 [Cantonese, trad.]
     你共我叫个木匠黎 [Cantonese, simp.]

     nei⁵ gung⁶ ngo⁵ giu³ go³ muk⁶ zoeng^6-2 lai⁴ [Jyutping]

     You for me call a carpenter.

9. (Hokkien) Used in imperative sentences for emphasis

   你共我會記咧！ [Hokkien, trad.]
   你共我会记咧！ [Hokkien, simp.]

   Lí kā góa ē kì leh! [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

   Remember this!

10. (Eastern Min, Hokkien) Particle introducing the object of the verb

    共伊放袂記 [Hokkien, trad.]
    共伊放袂记 [Hokkien, simp.]

    kā i pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

    Forget about him.

11. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) same

    共款 [Hokkien]  ―  kāng-khoán [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  the same

    無共／无共 [Hokkien]  ―  bô-kāng [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  not the same; different

Synonyms

• (and):

Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		和, 與, 及, 與及 Cantonese
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	跟, 和
	Taiwan	跟, 和
	Malaysia	和, 跟
	Singapore	和, 跟
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	和, 跟, 給
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	和
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	和
	Wanrong (Ronghe)	連
	Xi'an	跟, 連
	Xining	帶, 和
	Xuzhou	給
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	帶
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	連
	Lanzhou	跟, 和
	Ürümqi	跟, 連, 和
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	跟, 給, 和
	Wuhan	跟
	Guiyang	跟, 同, 和
	Guilin	跟, 和
	Liuzhou	跟, 同, 和
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	告, 跟
	Yangzhou	跟, 交
	Hefei	跟
Cantonese	Guangzhou	同, 同埋
	Hong Kong	同, 同埋
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	同
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	同
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	同
	Macau	同, 同埋
	Taishan	同埋
	Kaiping (Chikan)	同, 同埋
	Dongguan	同, 同埋
	Yangjiang	鄧, 同
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	同
	Penang (Guangfu)	同
	Singapore (Guangfu)	同
Gan	Nanchang	跟, 同
	Lichuan	和
	Pingxiang	同, 跟
Hakka	Meixian	同, 摎
	Yudu	澗
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	摎
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	同
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	摎
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	同
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	摎
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	和
	Hong Kong	摎
	Kuching (Hepo)	佮
Huizhou	Jixi	搭
Jin	Taiyuan	和, 跟
	Xinzhou	給
Northern Min	Jian'ou	邀
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	邀, 儉, 教
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	邀
	Pucheng (Shibei)	邀, 跟
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	共
	Fuzhou (Changle)	共
	Fuqing	共
	Yongtai	共
	Gutian	共
	Fu'an	共
	Ningde	共
	Shouning	隨
	Zhouning	傮, 共
	Fuding	跟
Southern Min	Xiamen	佮, 交
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	佮
	Quanzhou	佮, 交
	Zhangzhou	佮
	Tainan	佮
	Hsinchu	交
	Penang (Hokkien)	佮
	Singapore (Hokkien)	佮
	Manila (Hokkien)	佮, 交
	Chaozhou	佮, 共
	Shantou	佮
	Jieyang	佮
	Singapore (Teochew)	佮
	Pontianak (Teochew)	佮
	Leizhou	共
	Wenchang	共
	Haikou	共
	Qionghai	共
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	同, 同埋
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	跟, 邀
Wu	Shanghai	脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	搭
	Shanghai (Chongming)	脫
	Suzhou	搭, 搭仔
	Danyang	同, 跟
	Hangzhou	同
	Ningbo	搭, 搭仔
	Wenzhou	伉
	Jinhua	亨, 跟
Xiang	Changsha	跟
	Loudi	跟
	Shuangfeng	跟, 同

• (for):

Dialectal synonyms of 替 (“for”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		替, 為
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	給, 替
	Taiwan	給, 替
	Singapore	替
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	給, 替
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	替, 給
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	幫, 給, 跟
	Wuhan	跟, 幫
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	代, 替
	Hefei	代, 幫
Cantonese	Guangzhou	同, 幫
	Hong Kong	同, 幫
	Yangjiang	替, 幐
Gan	Nanchang	跟, 幫
Hakka	Meixian	同, 代
Jin	Taiyuan	替, 給
Northern Min	Jian'ou	替, 幫
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	替, 共
Southern Min	Xiamen	替, 共
	Quanzhou	共
	Zhangzhou	共
	Tainan	替, 共
	Singapore (Hokkien)	替, 共
	Chaozhou	代, 個
	Jieyang	個
Wu	Shanghai	幫, 搭
	Suzhou	替, 搭
	Wenzhou	代
Xiang	Changsha	幫, 跟, 代
	Shuangfeng	幫

• (used in imperative sentences for emphasis):

Dialectal synonyms of 給 (“(used in imperative sentences for emphasis)”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		給
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	給
	Taiwan	給
Cantonese	Hong Kong	同
Southern Min	Tainan	共
	Jieyang	個
Wu	Shanghai	幫, 交

• (particle introducing the object of the verb):

Dialectal synonyms of 把 (“particle introducing the object of the verb”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		將, 把
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	把
	Taiwan	把
	Singapore	把
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	把
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	把
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	把
	Wuhan	把
	Guilin	把
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	把
	Hefei	把, 幫
Cantonese	Guangzhou	將, 𢬿 dated
	Hong Kong	將
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	將
	Taishan	將
	Kaiping (Chikan)	將, 𢬿, 討
	Enping (Niujiang)	𢬿, 討
	Yangjiang	將
	Singapore (Guangfu)	將
Gan	Nanchang	把
Hakka	Meixian	將, 將把
	Xingning	將, 將把, 捉到
	Huidong (Daling)	將
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	將
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	將
	Changting	將
	Wuping	拿
	Wuping (Pingyu)	捉
	Ninghua	把
	Ruijin	將
	Shicheng	拿
	Shangyou (Shexi)	拿
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	將
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	將
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	將
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	將
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	將
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	將
Jin	Taiyuan	把
Northern Min	Jian'ou	拿, 邀
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	將, 共, 揢
	Matsu	揢
Southern Min	Xiamen	將, 共
	Quanzhou	將, 共
	Zhangzhou	將, 共
	Tainan	將, 共
	Singapore (Hokkien)	將
	Manila (Hokkien)	共
	Chaozhou	將, 對, 個
	Shantou	將, 把將, 對
	Jieyang	將, 把, 把將, 對, 忐, 個
	Haifeng	將
	Singapore (Teochew)	將, 把將
	Haikou	把
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	跟
	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	跟
Wu	Shanghai	拿
	Suzhou	拿
	Ningbo	搭, 把 rare
	Wenzhou	逮
Xiang	Changsha	把
	Shuangfeng	把

Note

• For the prepositional usage in Hokkien, if it's succeed by 3rd singular personal pronoun 伊, the pronoun can be omitted. eg.:

  共放袂記 [Hokkien, trad.]
  共放袂记 [Hokkien, simp.]

  kā pàng bē-kì [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]

  Forget about him.

Compounds

• 一共
• 不共
• 不共天地
• 不共戴天 (bùgòngdàitiān)
• 不共鑣 / 不共镳
• 中共 (Zhōnggòng)
• 中共一大
• 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
• 九共
• 五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
• 人神共嫉
• 人神共憤 / 人神共愤 (rénshéngòngfèn)
• 休戚與共 / 休戚与共 (xiūqīyǔgòng)
• 兄弟共妻
• 兩虎共鬥 / 两虎共斗
• 公共 (gōnggòng)
• 公共事業 / 公共事业 (gōnggòng shìyè)
• 公共保險 / 公共保险
• 公共場所 / 公共场所 (gōnggòng chǎngsuǒ)
• 公共安全
• 公共廁所 / 公共厕所 (gōnggòng cèsuǒ)
• 公共建築 / 公共建筑
• 公共建設 / 公共建设
• 公共投資 / 公共投资
• 公共支出
• 公共收入
• 公共政策 (gōnggòng zhèngcè)
• 公共救助
• 公共汽車 / 公共汽车 (gōnggòng qìchē)
• 公共浴場 / 公共浴场
• 公共環境 / 公共环境
• 公共秩序
• 公共租界
• 公共積累 / 公共积累 (gōnggòng jīlěi)
• 公共給水 / 公共给水
• 公共行政 (gōnggòng xíngzhèng)
• 公共衛生 / 公共卫生 (gōnggòng wèishēng)
• 公共設施 / 公共设施
• 公共財政 / 公共财政
• 公共部門 / 公共部门 (gōnggòng bùmén)
• 公共關係 / 公共关系
• 公共電視 / 公共电视
• 公共電話 / 公共电话
• 公同共有
• 共主
• 共乘 (gòngchéng)
• 共乳
• 共事 (gòngshì)
• 共事一夫
• 共享 (gòngxiǎng)
• 共享軟體 / 共享软体 (gòngxiǎng ruǎntǐ)
• 共人
• 共侶 / 共侣
• 共偫
• 共傳 / 共传
• 共儉 / 共俭
• 共億 / 共亿
• 共允
• 共兜
• 共具
• 共分
• 共勉 (gòngmiǎn)
• 共勢 / 共势
• 共勤
• 共匪 (gòngfěi)
• 共同 (gòngtóng)
• 共合
• 共名
• 共同代理
• 共同代表
• 共同企業 / 共同企业
• 共同保證 / 共同保证
• 共同努力
• 共同基金 (gòngtóng jījīn)
• 共同市場 / 共同市场
• 共同感覺 / 共同感觉
• 共同正犯 (gòngtóng zhèngfàn)
• 共同科目
• 共同管道
• 共同經營 / 共同经营
• 共同綱領 / 共同纲领 (gòngtóng gānglǐng)
• 共同繼承 / 共同继承
• 共同訴訟 / 共同诉讼
• 共同語 / 共同语 (gòngtóngyǔ)
• 共同語言 / 共同语言 (gòngtóng yǔyán)
• 共同財產 / 共同财产
• 共同趨向 / 共同趋向
• 共同運銷 / 共同运销
• 共同體 / 共同体 (gòngtóngtǐ)
• 共同點 / 共同点 (gòngtóngdiǎn)
• 共命
• 共和 (gònghé)
• 共和制 (gònghézhì)
• 共和國 / 共和国 (gònghéguó)
• 共和時代 / 共和时代
• 共命鳥 / 共命鸟 (gòngmìngniǎo)
• 共商大計 / 共商大计 (gòngshāngdàjì)
• 共喻
• 共國 / 共国
• 共坐
• 共奉
• 共契
• 共姜
• 共存 (gòngcún)
• 共存亡 (gòngcúnwáng)
• 共害
• 共寢 / 共寝 (gòngqǐn)
• 共審制度 / 共审制度
• 共少
• 共居
• 共川鼻飲 / 共川鼻饮
• 共工 (Gònggōng)
• 共己
• 共度 (gòngdù)
• 共弊
• 共張 / 共张
• 共御
• 共德
• 共心
• 共性 (gòngxìng)
• 共恪
• 共患
• 共患難 / 共患难 (gònghuànnàn)
• 共慘黨 / 共惨党 (gòngcǎndǎng)
• 共手
• 共承
• 共抎
• 共持
• 共振 (gòngzhèn)
• 共振器
• 共挽鹿車 / 共挽鹿车
• 共政
• 共敘舊姻 / 共叙旧姻
• 共敝
• 共料
• 共方
• 共有 (gòngyǒu)
• 共有人
• 共枕
• 共格
• 共棲 / 共栖
• 共業 / 共业
• 共榮辱 / 共荣辱
• 共權 / 共权
• 共歲 / 共岁
• 共氣 / 共气
• 共治
• 共沸物 (gòngfèiwù)
• 共洩 / 共泄 (gòngxiè)
• 共濟 / 共济 (gòngjì)
• 共濟一堂 / 共济一堂
• 共為唇齒 / 共为唇齿
• 共為脣齒 / 共为唇齿
• 共營 / 共营
• 共牢
• 共犯 (gòngfàn)
• 共犯罪
• 共理
• 共生 (gòngshēng)
• 共生礦 / 共生矿
• 共產 / 共产 (gòngchǎn)
• 共產主義 / 共产主义 (gòngchǎn zhǔyì)
• 共產主義青年團 / 共产主义青年团 (Gòngchǎn Zhǔyì Qīngniántuán)
• 共產國家 / 共产国家
• 共產國際 / 共产国际 (Gòngchǎn Guójì)
• 共產宣言 / 共产宣言
• 共產集團 / 共产集团
• 共產黨 / 共产党 (gòngchǎndǎng)
• 共用 (gòngyòng)
• 共登
• 共益權 / 共益权
• 共相 (gòngxiàng)
• 共相脣齒 / 共相唇齿
• 共知 (gòngzhī)
• 共硯席 / 共砚席
• 共祭
• 共禦 / 共御
• 共禦外侮 / 共御外侮
• 共稟 / 共禀
• 共穗
• 共立
• 共筆硯 / 共笔砚
• 共管 (gòngguǎn)
• 共給 / 共给
• 共線點 / 共线点
• 共總 / 共总 (gòngzǒng)
• 共聚 (gòngjù)
• 共聚一堂 (gòngjùyītáng)
• 共職 / 共职
• 共膂
• 共舞 (gòngwǔ)
• 共蔕蓮 / 共蒂莲
• 共處 / 共处 (gòngchǔ)
• 共衾
• 共被
• 共襄盛舉 / 共襄盛举 (gòngxiāngshèngjǔ)
• 共親 / 共亲
• 共觸 / 共触
• 共計 / 共计 (gòngjì)
• 共話 / 共话
• 共話衷腸 / 共话衷肠
• 共語 / 共语 (gòngyǔ)
• 共論 / 共论
• 共談 / 共谈 (gòngtán)
• 共謀 / 共谋 (gòngmóu)
• 共識 / 共识 (gòngshí)
• 共識決 / 共识决
• 共議 / 共议
• 共財 / 共财
• 共貢 / 共贡
• 共貫 / 共贯
• 共貫同條 / 共贯同条
• 共軌 / 共轨
• 共軛弧 / 共轭弧
• 共軛角 / 共轭角
• 共轡 / 共辔
• 共通 (gòngtōng)
• 共通意志
• 共進 / 共进
• 共遞 / 共递
• 共釂
• 共門 / 共门
• 共閱 / 共阅
• 共青團 / 共青团 (gòngqīngtuán)
• 共韻 / 共韵
• 共頭 / 共头
• 共養 / 共养
• 共餐
• 共饗 / 共飨
• 共首
• 共驩 / 共欢
• 共體時艱 / 共体时艰
• 共鯀 / 共鲧
• 共鳴 / 共鸣 (gòngmíng)
• 共鳴器 / 共鸣器
• 共默
• 共點線 / 共点线
• 共鼓
• 分形共氣 / 分形共气
• 分憂共患 / 分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
• 分甘共苦
• 參共 / 参共
• 反共 (fǎngòng)
• 反共義士 / 反共义士 (fǎngòng yìshì)
• 同休共戚
• 同共
• 合共 (hégòng)
• 同床共枕
• 同心共濟 / 同心共济
• 同心共膽 / 同心共胆
• 同惡共濟 / 同恶共济
• 同文共規 / 同文共规
• 同文共軌 / 同文共轨
• 同條共貫 / 同条共贯
• 同源共流
• 同甘共苦 (tónggāngòngkǔ)
• 同生共死 (tóngshēnggòngsǐ)
• 同聲共氣 / 同声共气
• 同胞共乳
• 同胞共氣 / 同胞共气
• 同舟共命
• 同舟共濟 / 同舟共济 (tóngzhōugòngjì)
• 同衾共枕
• 合衷共濟 / 合衷共济
• 同音共律
• 周召共和
• 和平共存 (hépíng gòngcún)
• 和平共處 / 和平共处 (hépíng gòngchǔ)
• 和衷共濟 / 和衷共济 (hézhōnggòngjì)
• 國共 / 国共 (Guó-Gòng)
• 國際共管 / 国际共管
• 執共 / 执共
• 多共少
• 大共
• 大共名
• 天人共棄 / 天人共弃
• 奇文共賞 / 奇文共赏 (qíwéngòngshǎng)
• 好共歹
• 小共
• 弟共
• 患難與共 / 患难与共 (huànnànyǔgòng)
• 懿共
• 攏共 / 拢共 (lǒnggòng)
• 敬共
• 普天共友
• 有目共睹 (yǒumùgòngdǔ)
• 有目共見 / 有目共见 (yǒumùgòngjiàn)
• 有目共賞 / 有目共赏 (yǒumùgòngshǎng)
• 松蘿共倚 / 松萝共倚
• 核磁共振 (hécí gòngzhèn)
• 榮辱與共 / 荣辱与共 (róngrùyǔgòng)
• 汽電共生 / 汽电共生
• 港共 (Gǎnggòng)
• 滿共 / 满共
• 牛驥共牢 / 牛骥共牢
• 生死與共 / 生死与共
• 相共
• 眾所共知 / 众所共知
• 眾目共睹 / 众目共睹
• 眾目共視 / 众目共视
• 神人共悅 / 神人共悦
• 神人共戮
• 禍福與共 / 祸福与共
• 統共 / 统共 (tǒnggòng)
• 綠共 / 绿共 (Lǜgòng)
• 總共 / 总共 (zǒnggòng)
• 老共 (lǎogòng)
• 與共 / 与共 (yǔgòng)
• 芝艾共焚
• 衆所共知 / 众所共知
• 賞共 / 赏共
• 足共
• 車軌共文 / 车轨共文
• 通共 (tōnggòng)
• 通共有無 / 通共有无
• 通憂共患 / 通忧共患
• 連枝共塚 / 连枝共冢
• 通無共有 / 通无共有
• 阿共仔 (a-kiōng-á) (Min Nan)
• 雅俗共賞 / 雅俗共赏 (yǎsúgòngshǎng)
• 靖共
• 首尾共濟 / 首尾共济
• 鹿車共挽 / 鹿车共挽

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共):

• → Vietnamese: cộng (共)

Others:

• → Vietnamese: cùng

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Gòng, Gōng (Gong⁴, Gong¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ, ㄍㄨㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Gòng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Gòng
    • Wade–Giles: Kung⁴
    • Yale: Gùng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gonq
    • Palladius: Гун (Gun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan, variant in Mainland)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Gōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Gong
    • Wade–Giles: Kung¹
    • Yale: Gūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Gong
    • Palladius: Гун (Gun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gung¹
    • Yale: gūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kjowng

Rime
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	九容切
Baxter	kjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuawŋ/
Li Rong	/kioŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
No.	4170
Phonetic component	共
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恭
Old Chinese	/*kloŋ/

Definitions

共

1. a surname

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gōng (gong¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung¹
• Southern Min (Teochew, Peng'im): giong¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gong
    • Wade–Giles: kung¹
    • Yale: gūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gong
    • Palladius: гун (gun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gung¹
    • Yale: gūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: giong¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kiong
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kioŋ³³/

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• Middle Chinese: kjowng

Rime
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	九容切
Baxter	kjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɨoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/kioŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/kioŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kuawŋ/
Li Rong	/kioŋ/
Wang Li	/kĭwoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ki̯woŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*kloŋ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共
Reading #	1/2
No.	4170
Phonetic component	共
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恭
Old Chinese	/*kloŋ/

Definitions

共

1. (literary) Alternative form of 供 (“to provide”)
2. (literary) Alternative form of 恭 (gōng, “respectful”)
3. (literary) Alternative form of 宮 / 宫 (gōng, “castration (as punishment)”)

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gǒng (gong³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǒng
    • Wade–Giles: kung³
    • Yale: gǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: goong
    • Palladius: гун (gun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gung²
    • Yale: gúng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung²
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ³⁵/

Definitions

共

1. (literary) Alternative form of 拱 (gǒng, “to fold the hands in front of the breast; to surround”)

References

• “共”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

共

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. together
2. both
3. all
4. with
5. co-

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)、くう (kū)
• Kan-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō)^{←きよう (kyou, historical)}
• Kan’yō-on: ぐ (gu)
• Kun: とも (tomo, 共, Jōyō)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) とも [tòmó] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) とも [tóꜜmò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [to̞mo̞]

Compounds

Compounds

• 共(きょう)演(えん) (kyōen)
• 共(きょう)学(がく) (kyōgaku)
• 共(きょう)感(かん) (kyōkan)
• 共(きょう)産(さん) (kyōsan)
• 共(きょう)産(さん)党(とう) (kyōsantō)
• 共(きょう)存(ぞん) (kyōzon)
• 共(きょう)著(ちょ) (kyōcho)
• 共(きょう)通(つう) (kyōtsū)
• 共(きょう)通(つう)語(ご) (kyōtsūgo)
• 共(きょう)同(どう) (kyōdō)
• 共(きょう)犯(はん) (kyōhan)
• 共(きょう)謀(ぼう) (kyōbō)
• 共(きょう)鳴(めい) (kyōmei)
• 共(きょう)有(ゆう) (kyōyū)
• 共(きょう)用(よう) (kyōyō)
• 共(きょう)和(わ)国(こく) (kyōwakoku)
• 共(きょう)依(い)存(ぞん) (kyōizon)
• 共(とも)々(ども) (tomodomo), 共(とも)共(ども) (tomodomo)
• 共(きょう)営(えい) (kyōei)
• 共(きょう)栄(えい) (kyōei)
• 共(きょう)益(えき) (kyōeki)
• 共(きょう)起(き) (kyōki)
• 共(とも)襟(えり) (tomoeri)
• 共(きょう)催(さい) (kyōsai)
• 共(きょう)済(さい) (kyōsai)
• 共(きょう)助(じょ) (kyōjo)
• 共(きょう)晶(しょう) (kyōshō)
• 公(こう)共(きょう) (kōkyō)
• 事(こと)共(ども) (kotodomo)
• 社(しゃ)共(きょう) (shakyō)
• 是(ぜ)非(ひ)共(とも) (zehitomo)
• 中(ちゅう)共(きょう) (chūkyō)
• 防(ぼう)共(きょう) (bōkyō)
• 身(み)共(ども) (midomo)
• 諸(もろ)共(とも) (morotomo)
• 容(よう)共(きょう) (yōkyō)
• 両(りょう)方(ほう)共(とも) (ryōhōtomo)
• 私(わたくし)共(ども) (watakushidomo)
• 何(なん)共(とも) (nantomo)

Noun

共(とも) • (tomo) 

1. both, all

Prefix

共(きょう) • (kyō-) 

1. co-

Suffix

共(とも) • (-tomo) 

1. altogether
2. ...included

   送(そう)料(りょう)共(とも)

   sōryō-tomo

   including shipping fees, including postage

Synonyms

• 込(こみ) (komi)

Suffix

共(ども) • (-domo) 

1. indicates plural:
   1. when attached to a human noun
   2. (Classical Japanese) when attached to any noun
      • c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (Aoi)

        「まづ、女(によう)房(ばう)出(い)でね」とて、童(わらは)の姿(すがた)どものをかしげなるを御覧(ごらん)ず。いとらうたげなる髪(かみ)どものすそ、 […]

        “Mazu, niyōbau idene” tote, waraha no sugata domo no okashige naru o goran zu. Ito rautage naru kami domo no suso, […]

        "Starting with the court girls", he said, looking at the young servants' pretty forms. The beautiful tips of their hairs, […]

Usage notes

Affixing 共 to oneself indicates humbleness. Affixing 共 to other people is disrespectful compared to 達 (たち, -tachi).

Synonyms

• 達(たち) (tachi)

Related terms

• 其(そ)れ共(とも) (soretomo)
• 共(とも)食(ぐ)い (tomogui)
• 共(とも)に (tomo ni)
• 共(とも)稼(かせ)ぎ (tomokasegi)

Korean

Hanja

共 (eumhun 함께 공 (hamkke gong))

1. hanja form^? of 공 (“common; together”)

Compounds

• 공산주의 (共産主義, gongsanjuui)
• 공산주의자 (共産主義者, gongsanjuuija)
• 공동체 (共同體, gongdongche)
• 공통점 (共通點, gongtongjeom)
• 반공 (反共, ban'gong)
• 공비 (共匪, gongbi)

Vietnamese

Han character

共: Hán Việt readings: cung, cộng, củng
共: Nôm readings: cùng, cũng, cọng, cụng, gọng

1. chữ Hán form of cộng (“to add; plus”).
2. Nôm form of cùng (“with, and; same”).

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999