Guidelines for offline data entry using DHIS 2¶

The de facto standard way of DHIS 2 deployment has become online meaning that a single instance of the application is set up on a server connected to the Internet and all users connect to the application using a web browser over internet. This was made possible possible thanks to the steady increase of internet availability (mostly mobile internet), the offerings of readily available and cheap cloud-computing resources combined with the fact that DHIS 2 does not request a significant bandwidth. These developments make it possible to access on-line servers in even the most rural areas using mobile Internet modems (also referred to as dongles).

This on-line deployment style has huge positive implications for the implementation process and application maintenance compared to the traditional off-line standalone style:

Hardware: Hardware requirements on the end-user side are limited to a reasonably modern computer/laptop and Internet connectivity through a fixed line or a mobile modem. There is no need for a specialized server for each user, any Internet enabled computer will be sufficient. A server will be required for on-line deployments, but since there is only one (or several) servers which need to be procured and maintained, this is significantly simpler (and cheaper) than maintaining many separate servers is disparate locations. Given that cloud-computing resources continue to steadily decrease in price while increasing in computational power, setting up a powerful server in the cloud is far cheaper than procuring hardware.

Software platform: The end users only need a web browser to connect to the on-line server. All popular operating systems today are shipped with a web browser and there is no special requirement on what type or version. This means that if severe problems such as virus infections or software corruption occur one can always resort to re-formatting and installing the computer operating system or obtain a new computer/laptop. The user can continue with data entry where it was left and no data will be lost.

Software application: The central server deployment style means that the application can be upgraded and maintained in a centralized fashion. When new versions of the applications are released with new features and bug-fixes it can be deployed to the single on-line server. All changes will then be reflected on the client side the next time end users connect over the Internet. This obviously has a huge positive impact for the process of improving the system as new features can be distributed to users immediately, all users will be accessing the same application version, and bugs and issues can be sorted out and deployed on-the-fly.

Database maintenance: Similar to the previous point, changes to the meta-data can be done on the on-line server in a centralized fashion and will automatically propagate to all clients next time they connect to the server. This effectively removes the vast issues related to maintaining an upgraded and standardized meta-data set related to the traditional off-line deployment style. It is extremely convenient for instance during the initial database development phase and during the annual database revision processes as end users will be accessing a consistent and standardized database even when changes occur frequently.

Although a DHIS 2 implementation can be labeled as online, it is worth noting that such deployment may not purely online and may some local variation depending local constraints. For example, while most users in countries enjoy easy access to their national DHIS 2 instance using their mobile internet or better connectivity means, some unfortunately still struggle to access the system either for data entry or analysis in places where Internet connectivity is volatile or missing in long periods of time. And for these struggling users, alternatives ways to interact with the system need to be found.

This guideline aims at providing advice on how mitigate the effect of lack reliable internet in challenging settings.

Cases and corresponding solutions¶

In this section, we will examine possible challenging cases and describe possible ways to address them or to minimize their effects on users and the entire system on a short term. Obviously, the possible solutions proposed in this guidelines should be adapted in each context by taking into account many other parameters such as security, local practices and rules etc. The thinking in this guideline is not to prescribe bullet proof solutions that can work everywhere but propose ways of addressing connectivity issues in some places in the country.

We identify three (3) main scenarios:

1. Limited internet availability and data entry forms are small
2. Limited internet availability and data entry forms are huge
3. Internet is not at all available

We recognize that these scenarios are very simplistic because in practice a health facility can have for instance one small weekly form for disease surveillance, one big form for monthly progress report and a middle sized form for a health program. This makes the number of possible scenarios for a given setting greater than what is spelled out here. It will be therefore for up to each implementation team to discuss with the stakeholders to make simple choices that address all of the scenarios in a given setting. In most cases about 80 to 95% of districts (or health facilities if data entry is done at this level) will have the same configuration regarding internet availability and only the the remain 5 to 20% will need alternative ways to get their data in DHIS 2.

1. Limited internet availability (instability of signal or limited mobile data) and data entry forms are small¶

By limited internet availability, we mean case where:

• network signal is available and good but there is not enough resources to buy adequate mobile data to work continuously online
• network is good but fluctuates or is only available at a given period in the day
• network signal is weak but improves from time to time to allow connection to DHIS 2

And by data entry form small we mean data entry form having less than one hundred fields.

So if internet connectivity is limited and data entry forms are small, there are two possibilities to address the connectivity problem: Android data capture app and web data entry offline capability.

Use of Android data capture app:¶

The Data Capture for DHIS 2 app allows users to enter data into a DHIS 2 server with an Android device. The app downloads instances of forms which are required to enter data from the server, and stores them on the device. This means that users can enter data offline for facilities they are assigned to and then upload it to the DHIS 2 server when they have network coverage.

To do this, the users will be request to go to the Google Play from their Android device and type DHIS 2 data capture and get the following screen.

Then install the app called Data Capture for DHIS 2.

Once the app is installed and launched, the user will be requested to provide the url of their national DHIS 2, the username and password and tap LOG IN.



After a successful log in, the app will download automatically the forms and organization units the user is assigned to and store them locally for data entry. From here, any subsequent use of the app for data entry will not require internet connection as instances of forms are already stored locally. Internet connection will be needed only to sync data with the server. This can be done when internet is available locally.




On the system administration side, organizing the data entry form into sections in DHIS 2 will make data entry experience more fluid and enjoyable.

As for the synchronization, when internet connectivity is not available when needed, the user take the mobile device to the district – during the district meeting – or to the nearest area where internet is available.

Use of the offline capability of DHIS 2 web data entry module¶

The web data entry module is the module inside DHIS 2 allowing for data entry using the we browser. The is in DHIS 2 the regular way of data entry online. However it does have also an “offline” capability that support the continuation of data entry even when the internet is interrupted. This means that is the user want to do data entry at the end of the month for instant, he has to first connect to internet, log in to DHIS 2 and open the data entry forms for at least one of the facilities he is assigned to. From this step, he can disconnect his internet and continue data entry for all his facilities and for the periods he wants as long as the data entry web page window is not closed in the web browser. After finishing the data entry, he can close the browser and event shutdown his computer. The data entered will be stored locally in the cache of the browser and the next time the user will get online and log in DHIS 2 he will be asked to click on a button to upload it.

For this case, it is possible to use either android data entry app or the semi-offline web based feature in DHIS 2 or both depending on the size of data entry forms. However, clearing the cache of the browser will result in the lost of the data stored locally. Therefore, it is recommended to not clear the cache without making sure that data locally stored is synced.

When the user is logged in and internet is cut (deliberately or not)

When internet is back and the user log in DHIS 2

2. Limited internet availability and data entry forms are huge¶

When internet but the availability is limited but the data entry form contains several hundreds of fields, it limits possible solutions. In this case it is not advisable to use the android capture for two reasons:

• it can regularly crash because it is not designed to handle forms of very big size
• it can turn out to be tedious and eye exhausting for users because the screen is small and does not allow for fast data entry

Thus the only option available is to use the web data entry module offline capability described above or move to the nearest place where internet is available when the user cannot afford to wait the next time internet will be available in his area.

3. Internet is not at all available¶

In this case there are three options:

• Use of the Android capture app for data entry locally and sync the data at the upper level where internet is available if the user attends regular meetings there. This is only feasible if the forms are small
• Move to the nearest place (if affordable) or use the opportunity of regular meeting at the upper level to capture data with the web data entry module. In this case depending on the internet connectivity the user can either work online or use the offline capability described in the section above.
• Ask the upper level where internet is available to do data entry regardless of the size of the form. Although this data entry happens at upper level, data can still be entered for every health facility.