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2022-04-21
Ubuntu MATE is an operating system -- the core software that runs your computer, similar to Microsoft's Windows, Apple's macOS, and Google's Chrome OS. Ubuntu MATE is a distribution (variation or flavor) of Linux designed for beginners, average, and advanced computer users alike. It is a dependable, capable, and modern computer system that rivals all others in popularity and usage.
If you are new to Ubuntu MATE, or only casually acquainted with Linux-based distributions, it can take very little effort to understand how a Linux operating system compares with other computer software you have used. You will find that Ubuntu MATE is more similar than different. This documentation is designed to help demystify Ubuntu MATE for new-comers and provide a reference for all users. This guide has several sections, each of which has additional detail. Click on any link to explore a topic that interests you. You can always come back to this page or simply continue to explore and learn about Ubuntu MATE and its applications.
Ubuntu MATE is a free, full-featured, and modern computer operating system, with an attractive and easy to understand user interface. Its update manager keeps both the operating system itself and all of its installed applications updated to the most current, most secure release. The operating system is more secure and better-supported than operating systems that come pre-installed on most home computer hardware today. With modest hardware requirements, Ubuntu MATE is suitable for modern workstations, laptops, single board computers and older hardware alike. Ubuntu MATE makes modern computers fast and old computers usable.
Using Ubuntu MATE provides you with the freedom to run a complete, full-featured operating system, pre-configured with most, if not all, of the applications you will need for your daily computing -- or to change anything about the way it looks, the way it works, or the applications it runs to suit your taste.
Ubuntu MATE is designed with security in mind. Unlike operating systems that update only once a month, Ubuntu MATE receives updates continuously. The updates include security patches for Ubuntu MATE and all of its components. Security updates for all of its installed applications are also provided on the same schedule. This ensures that you have the latest protection for all of your computer's software as soon as it's available and for as long as you keep it up to date!
The awareness, popularity, and use of Linux has been increasing steadily. Once you become aware that there is dependable, secure, capable, and modern software to run your computer that rivals all others in popularity and actual use, you will want to apply what you already know and try the Linux operating system. You may already be using a member of the Unix/Linux family: Linux, Android, ChromeOS, BSD, Azure Sphere, or even macOS. If so, you are likely looking for new ways to optimize this technology for the way you work.
You may have been attracted to Linux because it is free and you can run it on almost any computer hardware. You'll likely continue to use Ubuntu MATE Linux because it is like your previous computer's software, only better. By "better" you probably mean that it provides a modern but familiar user experience, it is easy to understand and use, it's designed with security built-in and with protection from viruses and spyware included. You want all of that included and upgradeable at no additional charge. Of course you want it all to "just work" with minimal or no maintenance -- automatic security updates and software upgrades for both the operating system and all of your installed applications. You don't mind paying for software, but you prefer the "try before you buy" philosophy. Ubuntu MATE gives you all of that and more!
While it is great for users who have migrated from Windows, macOS, or ChromeOS, Ubuntu MATE is also an excellent choice for any kind of computer user, from casual home user to professional software developer. That's because of its modern, functionally thought-out design. Ubuntu MATE is capable enough for even the most experienced computer user because, well, it's Linux! It has the power of every other Linux built-in. Simply put, it provides a practical alternative to other software that can run on your computer.
With that in mind, this guide is written from the perspective that Ubuntu MATE is a typical modern Linux for the average computer user. Let's assume that our fictional "average user" is someone who needs to browse the Internet, check email, use a text editor or word processor, and maybe read and store document files. Let's also include viewing and editing photos, watching videos, and listening to music and podcasts. As soon as it's installed, Ubuntu MATE provides you with applications that enable all of those capabilities. Whether you are new to Linux, upgrading from Windows, macOS, or ChromeOS to Linux, or just thinking about moving to Linux, this documentation will provide you with practical guidance on how you can use Ubuntu MATE and its applications to do your day-to-day work. This is a guide for new users and a reference for all users of Linux.
In addition to common and well-founded concerns around security, we often receive questions and comments from Windows users who have, over time, become more and more dissatisfied with Microsoft's operating system. It seems that after purchasing and installing a new version of Windows or, more likely, after purchasing a new computer with the upgraded operating system pre-installed, those users are finding that they have to repurchase newer versions of the same software applications they already own, just to have them work with the upgraded version of Windows. Switching to online, cloud-based software applications might at first seem to be a practical alternative. But those applications are often less capable and at least as expensive, especially after a year or more of paying monthly subscription fees!
To add insult to injury, Windows users sometimes also have to pay for new accessories like printers and document scanners to replace perfectly functioning older models that require software that is no longer compatible with the "upgraded" version of the operating system. They are disappointed that the promise of a "free upgrade" from Windows 7 or 8 to Windows 10 has, in fact, turned out to be anything but free. In fact, they tell me, it can be at least as expensive as previous Windows upgrades have been.
And what about those security concerns? Today, Microsoft provides comprehensive updates and malware protection built into Windows. Most computer manufacturers who supply Windows with their hardware seem to feel that, to provide adequate protection from infection, they must provide additional third-party anti-malware and anti-virus software. Although it's admirable that automatic updates are provided with the operating system, Windows users report that because of Microsoft's implementation of their update system, they are frequently forced to restart the computer right in the middle of their workflow! Sometimes there are updates with multiple restarts and delays that cannot be stopped or postponed. This can leave the computer unusable for a half-hour or more! That behavior sends Windows users looking for alternatives that allow them to stay productive all day long.
Switching to Apple's macOS doesn't get you off of the treadmill of spending increasing amounts of money for software and hardware upgrades. If anything, it accelerates that treadmill. Apple's direction for product design seems to trend toward ever-more expensive products that eliminate printer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and other accessory ports. They require expensive dongles and adapters just to connect common accessories! They've also been sealing shut the computer's case on newer models, eliminating the possibility of replacing or upgrading on your own, simple things like RAM, hard drives, and broken parts. Purchasing the latest hardware from Apple results in some previously functional software suddenly becoming incompatible. This is not the first time Apple users have experienced this kind of bumpy transition that makes them wait for older, Mac-specific applications to be updated just so that they work again.
And what about those computer users who switched to the reportedly more secure macOS to avoid their security concerns with Windows? Third-party protection is also recommended for Apple's operating system and macOS also forces updates, seemingly without warning, that can sometimes be neither stopped nor postponed. Apple's forced reboots that cause periods of lost productivity are usually less frequent than Microsoft's but when they do occur they require you to pause your work for more than a few minutes while the updates are applied and the computer restarts.
Google's ChromeOS has seen a surge in usage recently as computer users look for an economical way to take classes online and work from home. As users acquire inexpensive Chromebooks, many are finding that the device's performance is sluggish as compared with more capable PC hardware. They also find that doing everything within the Chrome browser and relying on performance-reducing browser plug-ins doesn't meet their expectations. Sometimes you just need to run a dedicated application on your computer's operating system to get things done! Disappointingly, Google has discontinued support and security updates for the oldest Chromebooks and they famously kill their apps, software, and hardware offerings with little notice. As a result, users may wonder how soon they'll lose access to the software and hardware they rely on for their daily computing and need to switch to a fully-functional operating system.
Often, neither Microsoft nor Apple will let you upgrade that perfectly-functioning computer hardware you purchased a few years ago, even though it has almost the same specs as the newest computers available today. You are told it 'isn't capable' of running modern software. Insultingly, your Windows computer that is supposedly incapable of running more modern software keeps trying to force you to upgrade to the incompatible version! Perhaps out of frustration you'd rather spend a little time to learn how to personalize Ubuntu MATE than hunt down one more Windows hack or Apple workaround to prevent your computer from doing things you don't want it to be doing. Maybe you just want to use your computer to get things done without advertizing or interruption. Maybe you believe your computer should be doing work for you, and not the other way around. Ubuntu MATE is designed to make all of that a reality!
Ubuntu MATE is created from Ubuntu , one of, if not the, largest deployed Linux -based desktop operating systems in the world. Linux is at the heart of Ubuntu and makes it possible to create secure, powerful and versatile operating systems, such as Ubuntu and Android. Android is now in the hands of billions of people around the world and it's also powered by Linux.
Ubuntu is developed by Canonical, Ltd. and is available in a number of different flavors, each coming with its own desktop environment. Started as a community-developed project, Ubuntu MATE takes the Ubuntu base operating system and adds the MATE Desktop . Today, Ubuntu MATE is an official flavor of Ubuntu Linux.
Tip
The name " Ubuntu " is pronounced oǒ'boǒntoō . According to The Ubuntu Story , "Ubuntu is an ancient African word meaning 'humanity to others'. It is often described as reminding us that 'I am what I am because of who we all are'. We bring the spirit of Ubuntu to the world of computers and software."
Wikipedia says that a Desktop Environment is:
...an implementation of the desktop metaphor made of a bundle of programs running on top of a computer operating system that share a common graphical user interface (GUI)... Desktop GUIs help the user to easily access and edit files...
— Wikipedia (24 Feb 2022)
The MATE Desktop is an example of such a desktop environment. It includes a file manager which can connect you to your local and networked files, a text editor, archive manager, image viewer, document viewer, system monitor, and terminal. All of these are highly customizable and managed via a control center. You can find complete documentation for the MATE Desktop Environment and its applications in the MATE Desktop User Guide .
The MATE Desktop provides an intuitive and attractive desktop environment using traditional metaphors like "window" and "desktop". That means, if you've ever used Microsoft Windows or Apple macOS , the MATE Desktop will feel very familiar.
The MATE Desktop has a rich history and is the continuation of the GNOME2 desktop, which was the default desktop environment on many Linux and Unix operating systems for over a decade. This means that MATE Desktop is tried, tested, and very reliable.
Tip
The name " MATE " is pronounced Ma-Tay . It comes from the yerba maté plant, native to South America.
What Linux, Ubuntu, and MATE Desktop all have in common is they are Open Source. Open source software is software that can be freely used, changed, and shared (in modified or unmodified form) by anyone. In a nutshell, Ubuntu MATE is free, in the truest sense of the word.
Although you will find some versions (distributions) of Linux for purchase, the vast majority are provided free of charge, like Ubuntu MATE. Open Source software is licensed in a way that allows anyone to give it away for free, no strings attached. For example, the license gives any member of the user community the freedom to use Linux for any purpose, to distribute, modify, redistribute, or even sell the operating system. If you do modify and then redistribute Linux with your modifications, you are required by the license to submit your modifications for possible inclusion into future versions. There is no guarantee that this will ever happen, but if you have made it better, then your changes just might be included in the next release of Ubuntu MATE.
Unlike Windows and macOS, Linux is not created and supported by just one company. It is supported by Intel, Redhat, Linaro, Samsung, IBM, SUSE, Texas Instruments, Google, Canonical, Oracle, AMD, and Microsoft. Over 4,000 developers contributed to Linux over the last 15 years.
This is how we can continually improve and grow without having to charge our users money. Many of the users of Linux are corporations that use the operating system to run their businesses or include it in their products. Many of these corporations provide fixes and new features for Linux as they use the software for their businesses. In fact, Microsoft now offers Ubuntu on Windows. The Windows subsystem for Linux provides an Ubuntu userspace for Windows developers. The improvements provided by both individual users and organizations like Microsoft are given back to the Linux distribution and the software improves as a result.
Whether you are a home user of Ubuntu MATE, an Ubuntu MATE software or application developer, or an employee of an organization that uses the operating system, you are a member of the Linux and Open Source communities and benefit from the efforts of the developers who contribute to Ubuntu MATE and its related projects, Linux, MATE, and Ubuntu. Members of the community can and do run Linux on almost any hardware, from the prettiest Macbook to the cheapest netbook, from the newest Chromebook to some very old machines designed for Windows, and from the most powerful Internet servers to the smallest smart thermostat.
The MATE Desktop provides you with essential features that you'd expect in a computer desktop environment, including some basic applications and utilities, all of which are highly customizable and managed by the Control Center:
The Caja application, found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , lets you organize and manage files and folders, both on your computer and on a home network. In Ubuntu MATE many things are files, such as word processor documents, spreadsheets, photos, movies, and music. Caja lets you manage them all.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
Using the file manager you can do the following:
Like file managers in other operating systems (Apple calls their file manager "the finder") Caja lets you organize your files into folders. Folders can contain files and even other folders. Some people find that organizing files into folders can help them locate their files more easily. Even your desktop is a folder and Caja even lets you store files and folders on your desktop!
Ubuntu MATE allows more than one user to login to the same computer. Each user has a personal Home folder that is labeled with the username chosen during setup. In the illustration, the username and the name of the Home folder is lebushey . The folder that is actually labeled home contains the personal Home folders for all users setup on your computer. Normally, there is just one user (you) and so the home folder contains only your own personal Home folder.
By default, your personal Home folder contains several folders (sub-folders) and any files that you create. Viewed from the Caja file manager, Desktop is just another folder in your personal Home folder that can, itself, contain folders and files. When viewing the desktop showing your background wallpaper, Desktop can display special icons that allow easy access to your personal Home folder, Trash , and removable media such as CDs, USB flash drives, and (if your computer is old enough) floppy disks. See how to enable these special desktop icons in the section Create System Icons Using MATE Tweak .
The Caja file manager is always running while you are using the MATE desktop environment. To open a new Caja window, double-click on an icon on the desktop such as Home or Computer , or choose the application from the menu at . With the Caja window open, you can open a second pane within the window by pressing the F3 key on your keyboard. Press the F3 key again to close the pane.
The file manager window is a file browser of sorts. Double-clicking the icon for a file opens the file in the Caja software application that lets you view and/or edit the document. Opening a folder by double-clicking on its icon updates the current file manager window to show the contents of the opened folder. You can also open a folder by right-clicking on that folder, then choosing between Open (this is the same as simply double-clicking the folder), Open in a New Tab , or Open in a New Window .
In addition to the folder contents, the browser window displays a toolbar with common actions and locations, a location bar that shows the current location in the hierarchy of folders, and a sidebar that can hold different kinds of information.
Tip
For more information about how you can use Caja and the various preferences that you can set, see the Caja manual (Desktop User Guide) by pressing F1 while Caja is open.
The Pluma text editor, found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , enables you to create and edit text files. The aim of Pluma is to be a simple and easy to use text editor. You can enable more powerful features with different plug-ins, allowing a variety of tasks related to text-editing.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
The Pluma window contains the elements listed in the sections below.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the Pluma manual by pressing F1 while Pluma is open.
The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands you need to work with files in Pluma . Note, if you have chosen a layout that uses the Global Menu, the menubar items will be displayed in the Global Menu rather than within the Pluma window.
The toolbar contains icon buttons that represent a subset of the commands that you can access from the menubar.
The display area is where the text of the file you are editing is displayed.
The status bar is at the bottom of the window and displays information about how you are using Pluma . The status bar display includes the following information: Cursor position is the line number and column number where the cursor is located. Edit mode is changed using the Insert key on your keyboard. If the editor is in insert mode, the status bar contains the text "INS." If the editor is in overwrite mode, the status bar contains the text "OVR."
By default, the side pane is not shown. To show it, choose . The side pane displays a list of open documents and other information depending on which plugins are enabled.
The bottom pane is used by programming tools such as the Python Console plugin to display output. By default, the bottom pane is not shown. To show it, choose . When you right-click in the Pluma window, a popup menu appears containing the most common text editing commands. Like other MATE applications, actions in Pluma can be performed with the menu, with the toolbar, or with keyboard shortcuts. See the section • • • KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS • • • for a list of common keyboard shortcuts.
To create a new document, choose . Pluma displays a new blank document in the display area.
If you have the Caja file manager open and you can see your file, simply double-click it, otherwise, to open a file, choose to display the "Open File" dialog. Navigate to the folder that contains your file, then select the file that you want to open and click Open . The file is displayed in the Pluma window. You can open multiple files in Pluma . The application adds a tab for each open file to the window above the display area.
To save changes to a file you have opened and/or already saved, choose . To save a new file or to save an existing file under a new filename, choose . Enter a name for your file and click Save . To save all of the files that are currently open in Pluma , choose . To close all of the files that are currently open in Pluma , choose . If you have any open files with unsaved edits, you will be prompted to save them before that file is closed.
The MATE Calculator application can be found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at . It is a calculator with ordinary notation/reverse polish notation (RPN), a formula entry mode, different number bases (DEC, HEX, OCT, BIN) and different units of angular measure (DEG, RAD, GRAD). It supports quad-precision floating point and 112-bit binary arithmetic.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
MATE Calculator has four modes: Basic, Advanced, Financial and Programming. The Advanced mode is shown, below.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the MATE Calculator manual by pressing F1 while MATE Calculator is open. Topics include user interface, equations, number formats, conversions and financial calculations.
You can use the Engrampa Archive Manager application, found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , to create, view, modify, or unpack an archive. An archive is a file that acts as a container for other files. Sometimes referred to generically as a "zipped file" or a "compressed file," an archive can contain many files, folders, and subfolders, usually in compressed form.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
The most common archive format on UNIX and Linux systems is the tar archive compressed with a file name ending in "tar.gz" or "tar.bz." The most common archive format on Windows systems is the archive created with applications that generate archives with a file name ending with the ".zip" extension. Archive Manager supports all of these formats, and if you have the appropriate command-line tools installed, it will support many more.
The Archive Manager window contains the elements listed in the sections below.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the Archive Manager manual by pressing F1 while Archive Manager is open.
The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands you need to work with files in Archive Manager . Note that if you have chosen a layout that uses the Global Menu, the menubar items will be displayed in the Global Menu rather than within the Archive Manager window.
The toolbar contains icon buttons that represent a subset of the commands that you can access from the menubar.
To create a new archive file, you can choose Open from the menu, click and drag one or more files or folders from the Caja File Browser window into the Archive Manager window, or right-click one or more files in Caja and select Compress from the menu.
To expand a compressed file's contents, you start by opening the archive by double-clicking it in the File Browser . Next, you can choose one or more files in the Archive Manager window and either choose Extract from the menu or drag them to the desktop or other location where you want the files to end up.
The Eye of MATE Image Viewer application, found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , enables you to view single image files, as well as large image collections.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
The Image Viewer can open a wide variety of image file formats including animated graphics (ANI), bitmaps (BMP, PNG, ICO, PCX, WBMP, XBM, XPM), vector graphics (SVG), and other popular formats like JPEG, GIF, TIFF, and more. Files can be saved in BMP, ICO, JPEG and PNG formats.
The Image Viewer window contains the elements listed in the sections below.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the Image Viewer manual by pressing F1 while Image Viewer is open.
The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands you need to work with images in Image Viewer . Note, if you have chosen a layout that uses the Global Menu, the menubar will be displayed in the Global Menu rather than in the Image Viewer window.
The toolbar contains icon buttons that represent a subset of the commands that you can access from the menubar.
Image Viewer has features to help you view your images. You can zoom in and out or view the image full-screen. You can rotate and flip the image you are viewing.
The collection view allows you to view and edit large image collections. In this view, image operations can be applied to all selected images at once.
Image Viewer has special support for digital camera pictures and displays EXIF metadata recorded with the image. All modifications made in JPEG images are lossless. That is, saving rotated and flipped JPEG images will not recompress the image. Besides this, all available metadata (like EXIF) will be preserved and updated accordingly.
The Atril Document Viewer , found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , enables you to view documents of various formats like Portable Document Format (PDF) files, PostScript files, and e-book (EPUB) files.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
You can open the Atril Document Viewer from the menus, or more simply by double-clicking on the file you want to open in the Caja file manager. To zoom in and out, you can use the keyboard shortcuts Ctrl + + (the plus key) and Ctrl + - (the minus key). You can also hold the Ctrl key while scrolling the mouse wheel, or you can use the on-screen button to select from some preset zoom levels including Fit Width and Best Fit among others.
The Document Viewer window contains the elements listed in the sections below.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the Atril Document Viewer manual by pressing F1 while Document Viewer is open. Topics include printing, copying, and working with password-protected documents.
The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands you need to work with documents in Atril . Note, if you have chosen a layout that uses the Global Menu, the menubar items will be displayed in the Global Menu rather than within the Document Viewer window.
The toolbar contains icon buttons that let you navigate the document by page and change the zoom factor.
Depending on the type of file you are opening, the left pane of the Atril window may show an index, bookmarks, an outline, or annotations. Clicking the header lets you switch between them. You can navigate the document page by page, by scrolling with your mouse, or by using the left pane to jump to a topic.
The MATE Disk Usage Analyzer , found at , is a graphical tool for analyzing how your storage media is being used. It can scan the entire file system on a disk or in a specific folder. It provides a graphical treemap window for each selected disk or folder.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
The Disk Usage Analyzer window contains the elements listed in the sections below.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the MATE Disk Usage Analyzer manual by pressing F1 while Disk Usage Analyzer is open.
The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands you need to work with the disks and file system in MATE Disk Usage Analyzer . Note, if you have chosen a layout that uses the Global Menu, the menubar items will be displayed in the Global Menu rather than within the MATE Disk Usage Analyzer window.
The toolbar contains icon buttons that represent a subset of the commands that you can access from the menubar.
The MATE System Monitor , found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , enables you to display basic system information and monitor system processes, usage of system resources, and file system usage. You can also use MATE System Monitor to modify the behavior of your system.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
The System tab shows information about the computer's hardware and software, as shown above. The Processes tab, shown below, shows information about active processes (applications, utilities, etc.) and how they relate to each other. You can stop, end, or kill a process or otherwise control active processes.
The Resources tab displays current CPU, memory, and network usage. File Systems lists all mounted file systems and basic information about each.
Tip
For help topics on this application, see the MATE System Monitor manual by pressing F1 while MATE System Monitor is open.
MATE Terminal is a terminal emulation application that can be found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at . It provides access to the powerful Linux command line and interprets and executes the commands that you type at a command-line prompt.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
You don't need to know how to use the command line to use today's modern Linux distributions, but understanding the basics can help you simplify some tasks with single-line commands, automate repetitive tasks with simple scripts, and use additional features not available in graphical versions of applications.
Although the MATE Terminal can be used to launch graphical applications by simply typing the name of the application and pressing the Enter key, you normally use it to run applications that are not designed to be run as graphical applications. These text-based applications, known as command-line programs, can be used to create scripts and other programs, get and install additional software from the software catalog, check the status of your computer's hardware and installed software, and many, many other things. In fact, years before graphical applications were made popular for computing, computer users checked email, communicated with other computers, shared files, photos, and programs, and even browsed early versions of the Internet from terminal applications very similar to the MATE Terminal .
As an example of how to use the command line, let's look at the apt application. It is a powerful command-line tool which can be used to install new software packages, upgrade existing software packages, update the package list index, and even upgrade the entire Ubuntu MATE system.
Note
For additional information about the apt application, type the following in a terminal window:
man apt
It's good practice to ensure that you have the latest changes made in the Ubuntu software repositories before installing software. The apt command can be used to update the index of available software packages that are on your computer. To do this, type the following in the terminal window:
sudo apt updateNote
When you use "sudo" you are telling Linux that you want to run the command as administrator, so for security purposes, you will be asked for your password the first time you use "sudo" in a terminal session.
Also, note that what you type in the terminal is case-sensitive. "Install" is not the same as "install." As far as the terminal is concerned, they are two entirely different words.
Installing software using the apt tool is quite simple, provided you know the name of the application, and provided it is available in the software catalog. For example, to install the audio recording and editing application Audacity , type the following into a terminal window at the command prompt:
sudo apt install audacityTo uninstall (remove) an application is just as easy. To remove the Audacity application installed in the previous example, type the following:
sudo apt remove audacityAdding the "--purge" option to "apt remove" will remove the package configuration files as well. This may or may not do what you want, so use it with caution. Here's how that looks using our same example:
sudo apt remove --purge audacityOver time, updated versions of packages currently installed on your computer may become available from the package repositories. To use the command line to upgrade the applications on your system, first update the package index:
sudo apt updateWhen that command has finished running, type the following to complete the upgrade:
sudo apt upgradeIn addition to installing applications from the Ubuntu catalog, you can use the command line to install "snap" applications from the catalog of applications provided by the snap store. Snaps are application packages for the Linux desktop, cloud, and IoT that are easy to install, secure, cross-platform, and self-contained. Since support for snap packages is included with Ubuntu MATE you can install from the snap store with a simple command. The specific command you'll need can be found within the application's listing in the snap store ( snapcraft.io/store). For example, to install the version of Audacity available in the snap store, the command is:
sudo snap install audacitySimple, right? Since snap support is built-in to Ubuntu MATE, snap applications receive automatic updates just like everything else!
To remove the Audacity snap, run this command:
sudo snap remove audacityAnother source of applications is Flathub. This source allows you to use the command line to install "flatpak" applications from the catalog of applications provided by the flathub app center. Flatpaks are easy to install, cross-platform, and self-contained applications for Linux distributions. Support for flatpack packages can be enabled from the Software Boutique . Once flathub support is enabled, you can install flatpaks from the app center with a simple command. The specific command you'll need can be found within the application's listing in the flathub app center ( flathub.org/apps ). For example, to install the version of Audacity available in the app center, the command is:
sudo flatpak install flathub org.audacityteam.AudacityTo remove the Audacity flatpak, run this command:
sudo flatpak uninstall org.audacityteam.AudacityPossibly the easiest command to use in the terminal to get a full listing of your computer's configuration is the inxi command. To install inxi , use apt , as we learned in the previous section:
sudo apt install inxiOnce the application is installed, to display your system information with a moderate amount of detail, as shown in the illustration below, simply type:
inxi -FFor a more verbose set of information, use
inxi -FrmxxFor just the very basic info, type simply
inxi
You can also type the "list hardware" command, lshw , at the command line without any switches or options, but the text file it generates runs on forever and is a little difficult to follow in the terminal. It needs to run as root (administrator), so you'll need to type "sudo" in front of the command. The command listed below runs lshw with the -html option to create an html file. Open it in a browser and you have a nice "web page" with all of your hardware specs.
sudo lshw -html>myhardware.htmlWhen you run this command, it can detect and report on your touchscreen, if you have one, attached USB storage drives, and even the micro-SD card on a mobile phone if you have one charging on a USB port!
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How to use terminal and command-line programs is a topic that has been explored in many books. One popular and excellent book on this topic is The Linux Command Line: A Complete Introduction by William E. Shotts Jr. Another source of information on using the terminal is the MATE Terminal manual contained within the MATE Desktop User Guide. It's provided with Ubuntu MATE. To go there directly, open the MATE Terminal application from the menu, then press the F1 key on your keyboard to open the manual.
The Control Center provides you with a single window that houses all of the major Ubuntu MATE preference tools. These tools let you tweak the way things look and behave, manage software updates, and make adjustments to the printing system, among other things.
Simply click the icon for the preference you want to adjust. Each of these preferences is also available under the menu. The preference items in the menu correspond to the items in the Control Center .
You'll also find many of the settings and selections you can make from within the Ubuntu MATE Welcome application are also available in the Control Center . The Control Center simply provides a central point from which you can adjust almost any system-level setting for your Ubuntu MATE computer.
Tip
For more help on this application, see the Configuring Your Desktop topic in the MATE Desktop User Guide .
While the MATE Desktop provides the essential user applications and tools to control and use your computer, Ubuntu MATE adds a collection of additional applications to turn your computer into a truly powerful workstation. These additional applications include productivity and office applications, applications for managing the documents you create, entertainment and games, accessibility, and more. Naturally, you'll also find a firewall, a backup application, a document/photo scanner, printer management, and designed-in security, all included in Ubuntu MATE.
If that's not enough, Ubuntu MATE's Software Boutique and optional Software Centers provide searchable access to additional software choices from Ubuntu's repositories. The Ubuntu software repositories include thousands of applications in hundreds of categories, suitable for just about any professional or recreational pursuit, and the majority of them are free of charge.
Developed by the Ubuntu MATE team, the Ubuntu MATE Welcome application is a utility that helps you to get comfortable with your new operating system. It guides you in a step-by-step fashion through post-install configuration such as installing drivers and adding language support.
Welcome introduces new users to the operating system, highlights key features of Ubuntu MATE, provides quick guidelines on getting started and displays the computer system's specifications. Welcome also introduces users to the Ubuntu MATE Community with links to the community forums, social networks, the Ubuntu MATE store with branded products for sale, and details on donating to the project. Welcome also includes access to the Software Boutique . It is exactly the same Software Boutique available from the menus and is provided at startup for convenience.
One of the first things you will want to do after you install Ubuntu MATE for the first time, or after upgrading to a new release is to click on the Getting Started button in the Welcome application and choose the Updates & Extras topic. This walks you through some common post-installation configuration tasks like checking for updates, adding support for audio and video, and adding Blu-Ray and DVD playback support. It's organized in a step-by-step wizard so you don't miss anything -- and you can go back at any time to undo what you've done, or to find something you skipped.
Don't be surprised when you are asked for your password. You are performing updates and installing software. Ubuntu MATE is just keeping you safe. Clicking the Next button in the upper right of the window takes you to the next topic, Drivers .
Most drivers for Linux distributions like Ubuntu MATE are already provided as part of the Linux kernel. The kernel is the foundational part of the operating system that makes Linux Linux. While a wide range of hardware is compatible with Ubuntu MATE as a result, your computer hardware may include components and peripherals that require proprietary drivers to function properly. When you were installing Ubuntu MATE, you were asked if you wanted to download and use third-party software. If you ticked the checkbox to do that, clicking the Additional Drivers button reveals which, if any, proprietary drivers have already been installed and enabled for you. If you did not purchase your computer with Linux pre-installed, you may find that clicking Install Firmware Package is required to get some devices to work correctly.
The open source drivers for some proprietary devices, the ones provided in the kernel, are sometimes reverse-engineered. What that means is that the manufacturers of proprietary devices won't provide the specifications or the details of their own drivers to open source developers because they want to keep their "technology" secret. (Hence the term proprietary.) The developers of reverse-engineered drivers provided in Ubuntu MATE have made their best effort and have tested the functionality thoroughly, but sometimes there are features that could not be reproduced and are not provided in these drivers.
Sometimes, though, manufacturers of proprietary devices will provide Linux-compatible drivers that they develop themselves. They won't let us know how their drivers work, so they never make it into the kernel, but where these proprietary drivers are available, they sometimes perform better than the reverse-engineered versions. With Ubuntu MATE, many of the proprietary drivers that have been made available are provided in the Welcome application, or in Software & Updates under the Additional Drivers tab. (It's available in the menu at .) Usually, Ubuntu MATE automatically makes the best choice of open source or proprietary drivers for your hardware when it's installed, but you have the choice of which driver works best for you.
If you find that Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or other hardware does not work, and the Additional Drivers did not find alternative drivers, you may need to research your device to find the appropriate driver. You'll find three methods of discovering your computer's specs in the next section, Displaying Your System Information .
If there is nothing there in Additional Drivers to improve the performance of your hardware device, you may find something on the hardware manufacturer's site. You may need to install proprietary manufacturer drivers using the command line if you choose to use them. If you do, be careful to follow the installation instructions carefully, and before you install, make a system backup and understand how to uninstall just in case the proprietary drivers don't work. DO NOT simply search for drivers using drivers.com or other third-party sites. When you use third-party sources, there is no guarantee that you aren't getting something that will inject malware or corrupt your system. If you are unsure, or if you simply can't figure it out, you are better off asking about it in Ubuntu MATE forums and looking for someone else that has some advice or experience. Or you could just settle for the lower performance of the reverse-engineered driver. Of course, if you happen to be an expert in a device that doesn't have drivers in the kernel, the open source community would appreciate you sharing your expertise to help develop high-performance open source drivers for inclusion in the kernel.
Setting up a printer is often as simple as plugging in its USB cable, or connecting it and your computer's Wi-Fi to your home wireless network. For more on printing see Document Management . Click on Read more on printing in the "Getting Started" window to discover Linux-compatible printers that can be detected and setup automatically.
In Software Utilities for Peripherals , you will find applications that you can install from the Ubuntu repositories to help with specific needs.
One useful example is Solaar , which is a utility for pairing and unpairing Logitech Unifying Receivers with Logitech peripherals like mice and keyboards. Click the Install button below the description of the software utility you want to download and install.
When you move to a new operating system, whether it's Windows, macOS or a Linux OS that's new to you, it's sometimes difficult to find what you are looking for -- at first. Take finding a list of your system hardware for example. In classic Windows, if you wanted a graphical display of the specs for your computer, you right-clicked on the My Computer desktop icon and selected Properties . With Windows 10, you click the Windows logo in the taskbar, then select . Neither is likely to be very intuitive if you have only ever used a Mac. On Apple's macOS, you select About This Mac from the Apple logo menu to get a dialog box with selections to display at least some of your computer's specifications. Linux, too, has graphical tools to display information about your computer's hardware. Ubuntu MATE provides system specifications in the Welcome application. From the menu, select .
Tip
This graphical method presents a nice browseable list of information, but with a terminal and a few commands, you can really dig under the hood of your Ubuntu MATE computer's hardware. You can also use the command line to reveal some additional information stored in text files on your hard drive. For a discussion about how to do this, see the topic Display Your System Info Using The Command Line .
Many of the applications you would expect to find installed on a modern computer are provided, pre-installed on Ubuntu MATE. If you don't find an installed application to do what you want to do, you'll likely find it in the Software Boutique or by using one of Ubuntu MATE's other software management applications, then you can install it from there. See the topic Installing Additional Applications for more information about installing software.
Unlike with Windows and macOS, Ubuntu MATE provides you with all of the pre-installed applications at no charge. And the vast majority of the software available in the software repositories is also free of charge. Here is a sampling of some of the productivity applications you'll find as soon as you start using Ubuntu MATE.
Pre-installed with Ubuntu MATE, Firefox is a popular application on almost any computing platform that delivers safe, easy web browsing. A familiar user interface, enhanced security features including protection from online identity theft, and integrated search let you get the most out of the web. Firefox also provides features such as changing your home page, searching the web, bookmarking a site, and using a private browsing mode. You can also synchronize your Firefox bookmarks, history, passwords and more between your devices. Read more about Firefox.
Web-based email programs that come from your Internet service provider (ISP) and Internet mail systems like Yahoo Mail and Google's Gmail are convenient to use because they allow you to read and send email from any device. The only thing you need to run these is a web browser and an Internet connection. Many ISPs provide email clients that you can use to read and respond to your email off-line as well. Unfortunately, those off-line programs are usually applications for Windows. Many ISPs also give you the option of using their online email in conjunction with almost any computer-based email client that can handle POP mail or IMAP mail. Evolution allows you to access your personal information like your calendars, mail, address books and tasks in one place.
Evolution features integration with Exchange and Google servers, a newsgroup client, LDAP support, web calendars and RSS reader.
If you use the automatic account configuration, setting up a new account with Evolution is easy. The first time you run Evolution, it opens the First-Run Assistant . It helps you set up email accounts and import data from other applications. All you need to do is provide your username and password for your email provider and your email address.
To learn more about how to use each of the features of Evolution , see the Evolution Mail and Calendar Manual by pressing F1 while Evolution is open.
LibreOffice is a full-featured office productivity suite that provides a near drop-in replacement for Microsoft's office suite and is compatible with Google's online office suite. Like many office suites, LibreOffice includes several applications, but unlike other suites, it contains applications like Base and Math , as a basic part of the suite. LibreOffice is also truly full-featured, unlike the online versions of office productivity apps that provide only the basic functions most people use. Basic capabilities are fine until you need to use one of those "advanced" features. Then you'll be looking for something with all the features. The Document Foundation (the organization behind LibreOffice) maintains an excellent set of documentation online for LibreOffice at the LibreOffice website.
Ubuntu MATE provides the software you need to support Bluetooth connections to headphones, mice, keyboards, or other computing devices.
In order to use a Bluetooth device like a mouse or a headset, you first need to connect (pair) your computer and the device. Before you begin, make sure Bluetooth is enabled. Some computers allow you to disable Bluetooth from BIOS/UEFI. Check your BIOS settings to ensure that, if you have this setting, Bluetooth is enabled. Some laptops have a function key or other button that toggles Bluetooth and/or Wifi on and off. If your computer has this capability, make sure that Bluetooth is enabled in that way as well.
Note
You need to finish your connection within about 20 seconds on most devices, or the connection will not be completed. If that happens, return to the device list and start again.
The Notifications indicator displays text notifications, as well as notifications supplying additional media, such as sounds or icons. offers a “do not disturb” feature. When do not disturb is enabled, notifications will not be displayed but will be captured in the notification center for review. By selecting Indicators from the Look and Feel section of the Control Center , then choosing Date and Time in the left pane of the window, it's also possible to blacklist some notifications, so they are never stored by the notification center.
Beginning in release 21.04, Ubuntu MATE returns to a graphical method of setting what appears in the clock indicator. The setting is in the Control Center .
With a coffee cup for an icon, Caffeine is a status bar application which sits in the panel near the clock and prevents the desktop from becoming idle. Simply click on the icon and choose Activate to temporarily prevent the activation of both the screensaver and the "sleep" power saving mode. Click the icon again and choose Deactivate to go back to normal.
Caffeine is not installed out-of-the-box with Ubuntu MATE, but it is available at no charge in the Software repositories. See: Software Centers for how to enable a software center for access to the repositories.
Ubuntu MATE makes printing, scanning and saving documents almost easier than creating them. All the software you are likely to need is pre-installed for most popular printers and scanners, so setting up your hardware is easy, too.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
Printing on Ubuntu MATE is simple and easy. The most popular printer drivers are already provided in Ubuntu MATE's Linux kernel. In most cases you simply connect your printer via its USB cable and Ubuntu MATE immediately configures it for use. There is nothing to do but start printing.
If you need to configure a network (or wireless) printer manually, you can follow these simple steps. Before you start, ensure that the printer is turned on and connected to the same network as your computer.
The Simple Scan application, found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , provides a simple and easy way to scan your documents. Once your scanner is connected via USB or over the network, configuration is usually automatic.
Using Simple Scan is as easy as: load your document, press Simple Scan's Scan button, then save the image. For more information about how to use Ubuntu MATE's more advanced scanning capabilities, view the Simple Scan Manual by pressing F1 while Simple Scan is open.
Whether you are scanning a page, writing a book, or saving a web page, you sometimes need to make a PDF file from a document. You don't need a special application with Ubuntu MATE. PDF creation is built-in. Most applications provide a menu selection to Save As PDF or Export to PDF . If the application you use does not offer one of those options, Ubuntu MATE provides the ability to print a document or file in PDF format. See the illustration.
Ubuntu MATE comes pre-installed with three significant applications for managing your entertainment and media files and subscriptions. If you need even more, the Software Centers offer many, many options to choose from.
Note
Your first Ubuntu MATE menu choice depends on which of the Panel Layouts you have selected.
If you chose the default Familiar (Ubuntu-MATE) Layout , the first menu item is Menu . It is also the first menu item for Contemporary Layout , Redmond Layout , and Pantheon Layout . Applications is the first item for the Traditional Layout . The Netbook Layout , Mutiny Layout , and Cupertino Layout have no label and simply display the Ubuntu MATE logo to represent the menu.
Shotwell , found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , is a digital photo organizer. It allows you to import photos from disk or camera, organize them in various ways, view them in full-window or full-screen mode, and export them to share with others. It is able to manage photos in many different image formats, also including raw CR2 files.
When you first launch Shotwell , it scans your computer for photos and imports them so that you can use Shotwell to organize them. Once you have all the photos from your computer's hard drive within Shotwell , you can import new files by choosing from the menus, or by dragging and dropping them onto the Shotwell window, or by connecting a camera to your computer and choosing to import the photos from there.
With Shotwell , you have several features to help you organize your photos. You can group photos that were taken at the same time into events, then rename, merge and sort events. Flag photos to mark them as special, or to work with them as a set. You can also search for, rate, tag, and title your photos. Shotwell also provides the ability to edit the photos themselves. You can change the date and time of photos where they are incorrect, crop photos, remove red-eye, auto-enhance to improve brightness and contrast, rotate or flip a photo, and even straighten photos taken at an angle.
Of course, you can share your photos from Shotwell by exporting or printing them. You can also publish them to Facebook or other online sites, send them via email or instant messaging, or simply display them as a slideshow.
To learn more about how to use each of the features of Shotwell , see the Shotwell Photo Manager Manual by pressing F1 while Shotwell is open.
Celluloid , found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at is a simple media player that aims to be easy to use while maintaining high level of configurability. Playlist entries can be added, removed, or rearranged easily with drag and drop operations.
For additional information about Celluloid and how to use it, see the Celluloid (formerly GNOME MPV) README.
Rhythmbox , found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , is a very easy to use music playing and management program which supports a wide range of audio formats (including MP3 and ogg). Originally inspired by Apple's iTunes , Rhythmbox is much easier to understand and use, and it supports Internet Radio, iPod integration and generic portable audio player support, audio CD burning, audio CD playback, music sharing, and podcasts.
Subscribe to a podcast with Rhythmbox
To play an episode, select one from the list and press the ▶ (Play) button. You may wish to click on the header of the Date field to sort the episodes so that the latest episode is at the top of the list. As long as you have an Internet connection, you can play any of the older episodes without downloading them. Right-click any episode in the list to see an option to download that episode.
For more information on how to use the playlist and other features of Rhythmbox, see the Rhythmbox Music Player Manual by pressing F1 while Rhythmbox is open.
In the last few years, Linux has become a first-class gaming platform thanks to Valve bringing the Steam platform to Linux. At the time of writing, Steam has more than 2000 high-quality indie and AAA titles available for Linux. Ubuntu MATE is fully compatible with Steam for Linux.
While Steam is a major step forward for gaming on Linux, there are also many high quality and enjoyable Open Source games titles available for Ubuntu MATE via the Ubuntu Software Centre . It doesn't matter if you like flight simulators, motor racing, first-person shooters, jump and run or card games, you'll find something to keep you entertained.
Ubuntu MATE, and other distributions of the Linux operating system are more secure, and better supported than the operating systems pre-installed on most home computer hardware today. Linux is backed by many large corporations, as well as independent developers and users, many of whom are focused on ensuring and improving the security that is built into the operating system. The built-in updater provided with Ubuntu MATE provides security updates for both its software applications and the operating system. Vulnerabilities are patched more quickly and are delivered automatically and more frequently than the two most popular desktop operating systems.
Unlike operating systems that update only once a month, Ubuntu MATE receives updates continuously. The updates include security patches for Ubuntu MATE and its installed applications and are all provided on the same frequent schedule. This ensures that you have the latest protection for all of your computer's software -- as soon as it's available!
Ubuntu MATE is designed to make it difficult for viruses, rootkits, and other malware to be installed and run without conscious intervention by you, the user. Ubuntu MATE users are not administrators by default. Administrators ("root" users) on any computer system have permission to do anything they want, including doing damage to the system. To be extra secure, Ubuntu MATE requires you to provide your administrator password to install or run programs as root. Every single time.
Canonical lists just over 30 Linux viruses and worms in its published malware list. In contrast, there are about 140,000 viruses for Windows, so...
Ubuntu MATE comes pre-installed with a backup utility called Déjà Dup . The application is found in the Control Center at . Reinstalling an operating system again after something goes horribly wrong is annoying at best, but losing your photographs, emails, and personal documents can be a devastating loss of priceless, irreplaceable valuables. Backing up the information on your hard drive on a regular basis is critical for anyone who uses a computer routinely. You have spent hours on end producing the information that is on your hard drive. You should routinely back up at least your new data files on a weekly basis. "Data" files include databases, documents, spreadsheets, etc. Anything YOU created, imported, or downloaded onto your hard drive is a data file.
If you are prepared to restore from a backup, then you are far more secure. It is important to make backups right before performing certain risky operations like upgrading to a new operating system version, moving a large number of files around, deleting files and folders, etc. Déjà Dup even lets you automate your backups for added convenience and safety.
In the event that your computer has a digital disaster, or you are concerned that it has an infection, your backups will ensure that you can restore Ubuntu MATE to a known previously good state. For additional help on using this application, see the Déjà Dup manual by pressing F1 while Déjà Dup is open.
Your computer may be able to save data onto CDs, DVDs, Zip Drives, Jaz Drives or even floppy disks! That's fine for a file or two, but today your best option for practical backups is to use online storage or an external hard drive.
On a typical recordable CD, you can store up to 700 megabytes (MB) of information while DVDs can store up to 8.4 gigabytes (GB). Blu-ray discs are a more recent type of optical media. They can hold up to 50GB of data. With the size of files these days, you might get one or two video files on a DVD. If you have a file that is larger than 700MB, like a moderate LibreOffice Impress presentation file, or a Writer document with graphics, an ordinary CD has no hope of holding even one whole file.
When backing-up data files, it is not always necessary to backup every file you have on your hard drive, although it's a good idea to do so monthly. On your Ubuntu MATE computer, few files, if any, outside of your "home" folder need to be backed-up at all. If a disaster were to happen, and you lost your computer or your hard drive, you could simply reinstall the Ubuntu MATE operating system and your applications in well under an hour, then restore the backed-up contents of your "home" folder. Your "home" folder contains the information that you have created yourself, including your mail file, and the settings and preferences for most of your applications.
Large external hard drives have become so inexpensive that it is wise to include an external hard drive in your budget when you are buying a new computer. Ubuntu MATE's Caja file manager is shown in the illustration above, copying the "home" folder to an external storage device.
Instead of being stored on your computer's hard drive, the files you copy to an external or networked drive are stored safely off of your computer. That way, if something happens to your computer's internal hard drive, or if you have your laptop stolen, all your files are safely stored on an external device.
An alternative to a physical drive is an online (off-site) storage service like Dropbox , Box , Google Drive , or SpiderOak . The advantage to this kind of backup is that your files are stored on the Internet. Even if the worst were to happen, and you lost everything to a fire or flood, your backups would be safe. And if you copy your files to online storage, you will also likely be able to access them from another computer, a tablet or smartphone!
One way to backup inexpensively is to get a large USB external hard drive and copy everything in your "home" folder to it on a regular basis. And perhaps the easiest way to ensure that you make your backups regularly is to automate the process using the backup software that comes pre-installed with Ubuntu MATE.
At least monthly, you should make a complete backup of everything important on your hard drive either by using backup software or by simply copying to a second hard drive or a network drive. Linux applications such as the pre-installed Ubuntu MATE Backup ( Déjà Dup ) application can automate these backups for you. You do this so that if your computer or hard drive were to be stolen, destroyed or damaged beyond repair, you would have a "disaster recovery" copy. From a "disaster recovery" copy, you could restore your entire "home" folder to the condition it was in, at the time of your last backup. If you do such a complete backup monthly, the worst case would be that you would have to restore less than a month's worth of additional data from your incremental data backups. (Incremental backups contain only what has changed since your last full backup.)
In reality, how often you should backup depends on several factors. In general, the more you use your computer or the more critical the work you are doing, the more often you should backup.
As a general guideline, you should use the external drive and/or your online storage to make a complete backup of your entire hard drive every month. So that you don't forget, automate the process using the backup software pre-installed with Ubuntu MATE. You can even set up the Backup application so that it copies only new files, and updates new versions of files on your computer to the backup device, never deleting anything from the copy. What a lifesaver that can be!
Use an online service or external hard drive to make a monthly full backup. In addition, each week you should back up your critical data files in an incremental backup onto your external storage, or to your online storage. Incremental backups can be automated, too.
Don't wait. Setup a scheduled backup right now -- or you will wish you had!
The Software Updater available from the Ubuntu MATE Welcome app or from the menus at is the update manager for your system. Ubuntu MATE periodically checks to see if new software and security updates are available for your computer. The updates are for Ubuntu MATE, all of its components, and all of your installed applications. This ensures that you have the latest updates and protection for all of your computer's software as soon as it's available, not just once a month like other operating systems.
After you launch the Software Updater from the menus, if updates are available, the application lists the updates and asks if you want to install them now. Click Install Now to begin the download. The dialog shown below appears while the update is in progress and another appears once the update is complete.
Note
If Ubuntu MATE cannot install all of the updates and upgrades at once, you will see an option to perform a Partial upgrade . You should normally choose that option, restart if required, then check for additional updates using the Software Updater .
You have control over when and how software updates occur. Use the Settings button on the Software Updater screen, or from the menus, choose , then select the Updates tab.
These are your options for controlling updates to Ubuntu MATE and its applications:
Ubuntu MATE's Firewall Configuration utility (Gufw), found in the Control Center at , provides an uncomplicated way to manage your firewall settings. The firewall is not enabled by default in Ubuntu MATE because by default, Ubuntu MATE does not open ports to the outside world. If you do choose to enable the firewall, and if you are a normal user, you will be safe with these settings:
No need to set the firewall to autostart. After you change the settings they will remain in place until you change them again.
Accessibility, also referenced as "Assistive Technology" or "Universal Access," is a key priority for Ubuntu MATE. When computer access is shared within a household or business and where individual needs differ, Ubuntu MATE is an excellent solution.
Preference settings for basic accessibility setting are found in the Control Center at . From there you can check the box to enable assistive applications, change which visual and mobility applications are used by default, and even change whether they are started when your computer starts up. You can also modify your keyboard (sticky keys, slow keys, bounce keys) and mouse (locate pointer, acceleration, sensitivity, drag & drop, double-click timeout) accessibility settings from here. You can even enable an on-screen keyboard if you need it.
Ubuntu MATE has many keyboard shortcuts that, by pressing a combination of keys, help you do things that normally require a mouse, trackpad, or another input device that might also require sight or muscular range of motion not possible for some computer users requiring accessibility. For some of these keyboard shortcuts, Ubuntu MATE makes use of a special meta key, the "Super" key, available on most computer keyboards. The Super key can be used to activate the menus/launchers and many keyboard shortcuts that include the Super key. Note that on computer keyboards designed for use with the Windows operating system, the Super key is labeled with the "Windows" logo. On keyboards designed for use with Apple's operating system, the Super key is labeled as the "Command" key. On computers designed for Linux, the Super key may be labeled with the Tux penguin logo (the Linux mascot), the Ubuntu logo, or perhaps even a blank square. For additional information about keyboard shortcuts and enabling the Super key on some computer hardware, see the section: • • • KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS • • • .
When Ubuntu MATE is first installed as your computer's operating system, it is pre-configured so that both Orca , the screen reader, and Onboard , the on-screen keyboard, are already installed and running in the background. All you need to do to use them is press the keyboard shortcut detailed in each section below to turn the feature on. You use the same shortcut to turn each application off again.
If you want to use these features at the login screen, before Ubuntu MATE even starts, the accessibility icon in the upper right of the screen lets you toggle on and off Orca and Onboard . You can also use Orca 's keyboard shortcut Alt + Super + S to enable the screen reader to assist in the login process.
The Orca screen reader is a free, open source, flexible, and extensible screen reader that provides you with access to the graphical desktop via user-customizable combinations of speech and/or braille. It is pre-installed in Ubuntu MATE for blind and low vision users. At the login screen, and after Ubuntu MATE starts, you toggle the screen reader off and on by pressing Alt + Super + S .
With some other Linux distributions, getting Orca to work can be tricky. With Ubuntu MATE all the setup is done for you. It also works nicely with pretty much all of the pre-installed software, including the LibreOffice office suite and the Firefox browser.
For complete information about using and configuring the Orca screen reader, refer to the website https://help.gnome.org/users/orca/stable/ .
The Orca documentation on the website occasionally refers to the "Orca Modifier" key. The key that Orca uses by default as the "Orca Modifier" depends on whether you are using Orca 's "Laptop" keyboard layout or its "Desktop" keyboard layout.
Tip
If you are using Orca 's "Laptop" layout, the default Orca Modifier will be CapsLock .
If you are using Orca 's "Desktop" layout, for the Orca Modifier you can use either the normal Insert key or the KeyPad+ Insert . On US keyboards, KeyPad+ Insert is the same key as the 0 (zero) on the numeric keypad.
You can use the "Orca Modifier" key to get to Orca 's help. Press Orca Modifier + H to enter "learn mode".
Tip
To view Orca 's documentation, press F1 .
To hear a list of Orca 's shortcuts, press F2 .
To hear a list of Orca 's shortcuts for the current application, press F3 .
To learn more about how to use Orca to read documents and websites, see the web page: https://help.gnome.org/users/orca/stable/#reading.
You may find that the screen reader speaks too slowly or too quickly for you. You can adjust the rate at which Orca speaks, and make other adjustments as well, in Orca Preferences. To get to the Orca Preferences screens, press Orca Modifier + Spacebar . If you find yourself needing to adjust the speed frequently, you might want to bind (map) the "increase the rate" and "decrease the rate" commands to specific keys. That way you can more easily make these adjustments. To review (and setup) the keyboard shortcuts and commands that Orca uses, you will want to refer to the documentation on key bindings on this web page: https://help.gnome.org/users/orca/stable/howto_key_bindings.html.en .
This is just a small sampling of the documentation that is available to you on the Orca site. Browse around. Discover what this powerful tool can do!
Onboard is the name of Ubuntu MATE's on-screen keyboard. Onboard is pre-installed in Ubuntu MATE and is available at the press of a few keys for anyone requiring the use of an on-screen keyboard in place of a traditional hardware keyboard. In addition to supporting mobility-impaired users, Onboard provides support for tablet and touch-screen computers. To turn Onboard off or on again from the hardware keyboard, press Alt + Super + K .
You can also enable Onboard so that it is available on-screen right at startup:
Additional settings and preferences for Onboard are listed in the Control Panel in the Personal section as Onboard Settings .
If you are a low vision computer user and you require screen magnification, Magnus is a very simple desktop magnifier, showing the area around the mouse pointer in a separate window. You can select the level of magnification that works for you between two, three, four, and five times. The screen magnifier is also useful for accurate graphical design or detail work. To turn on or off the screen magnifier, press Alt + Super + M .
The Control Panel provides preferences for Mouse and Keyboard that each offer settings that will be of interest to users with mobility impairments.
Mouse Preferences provide the ability to adjust the Pointer Speed sliders until the pointer motion is comfortable for you. A tab is provided for mouse and touchpad with sliders for each device. You can set different pointer speed for each type of device. For example, you can have one scroll speed for a laptop touchpad and another for a mouse. Sometimes the most comfortable settings for one type of device are not the best for another.
Note
The Touchpad section only appears if your system has a touchpad, while the Mouse section is only visible when a mouse is plugged in.
The Keyboard Preferences provides several tabs that have settings allowing you to adjust the following:
Almost every software package that is available and tested for Ubuntu MATE is available in the online software repositories (software catalog). The concept of software repositories is likely not all that familiar to long-time users switching from Windows since classic Windows users normally had to go to a brick and mortar store or go online to purchase new software for the Microsoft operating system. For macOS users, however, the concept of the Apple App Store is similar in concept to the software repositories. Both contain trusted applications verified to run on their respective operating systems. Unlike most software in the App Store, the vast majority of Linux applications are neither proprietary nor expensive.
The software repositories for Ubuntu MATE are managed, maintained and updated by the distribution's maintainers and are variably referred to as "the software catalog," "the software library," "the software center," "software sources," or simply "software repositories." These repositories contain almost ALL of the full-featured, free and open source software that has been tested for installation on Ubuntu MATE and other Ubuntu derivatives. And they won't put spyware and viruses on your computer!
To install software on Ubuntu MATE, you normally use the Software Boutique . You can also use the Software Center or the Synaptic package manager. When a Linux user says "package" think "software package". Software centers and package managers are examples of applications that are used to browse and retrieve software packages from software repositories. Ubuntu MATE conveniently gives you the option to install one when your search in the Software Boutique returns no results.
The Ubuntu software repositories include thousands of applications in hundreds of categories, suitable for just about any professional or recreational pursuit, and most are free of charge. When you use Ubuntu MATE, those applications, as well as security updates, driver updates, application updates, software upgrades and operating system upgrades, are all available from trusted sources so you won't need to search the Internet for software. No more risking malware, junkware, or ransomware as a result of downloading from the wrong site! Ubuntu's software catalog is the ultimate in a trusted source!
There are several ways to obtain software from the software catalog. Ubuntu MATE's own Software Boutique is a carefully curated selection of the best-in-class applications from the Ubuntu repositories, chosen because they integrate well, complement Ubuntu MATE and enable you to personalize your computing experience. When you first install Ubuntu MATE, the Software Boutique is the main graphical application you will use to install software. Thousands of applications not available in the Software Boutique are available to explore in the full Ubuntu software catalog ( Software Centers ) and from the the unique Snap Store, located at https://snapcraft.io/store . You have full access to the entire library at any time using the command line, but in order to obtain software from the complete software catalog using a graphical application that lets you browse through it, you will need to enable one or more of the software center applications from within the Software Boutique .
Note
Installing applications from the command line is discussed in a little more detail in Example: Installing Applications Using "apt" on the Command Line .
The Software Boutique 's curated selection of the most popular applications lets you:
To launch the Software Boutique from the menus, choose .
If you don't find what you're looking for in the Software Boutique , install one of the available Software Centers to explore the complete Ubuntu software catalog. Choose the "More Software" category using the icons across the top of the Software Boutique 's main window. The selection labeled simply "Software" installs a graphical application that lets you browse, install and update additional software applications and system extensions from the Ubuntu software repositories.
The Synaptic Package Manager is a graphical package management application that lets you install software onto your computer and manage the software that is already installed. It allows you to search, install, upgrade, and remove packages using the software repositories. It also lets you add more software sources, modify repository settings, view changelogs, and even lock a package to a specific version.
Ubuntu MATE always has security in mind. Regardless of how you choose to install software, you are always asked for your password before anything can be installed. This is a list of some of the most popular software selections available from the repositories:
There is much more available. You can browse by the application's name or by function -- what the application does. Because the vast majority of the software available in the repositories is free, you can try applications and if you don't like them, or if they don't do what you expect them to do, you can uninstall them just as easily.
Although you can do some basic tweaking out of the box with other operating systems, Linux is infinitely more configurable than Mac or Windows. Sure you can get add-on software to personalize your Windows desktop quite a bit, but Ubuntu MATE provides the customization tools built right in, with additional utilities just a few clicks away in the software repositories (free software store). What makes Ubuntu MATE so much more flexible is that it is designed to be customizable.
So, what can you do with Ubuntu MATE? From simply changing the background desktop image (wallpaper) to altering the menu position, to making your desktop a virtual "dashboard" for displaying the health and performance of your computer's hardware, Ubuntu MATE can do it. You can even revamp the Ubuntu MATE desktop to make it look and behave convincingly like macOS or Windows. Covering all of the possibilities for customization would fill an entire book, so this section will simply give you some ideas as to what can be done, and it will be up to you to explore on your own how you can configure your system to make it look and work the way that best suits your style.
As you learn about Ubuntu MATE, you might find it more comfortable to put things where you were used to finding them on your previous system. Ubuntu MATE provides the unique MATE Tweak tool to do just that, to transform the look and feel of your computer. The MATE Tweak application is found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at and can be used to quickly change how things look and feel. You can even make Ubuntu MATE look and work like other popular operating systems if that's what you want. Or you can give it a unique and distinctive look of its own so that anyone looking at your screen can tell you aren't using the same computer software they are!
One of the quickest ways to change the look and feel of Ubuntu MATE is to select a different panel layout using MATE Tweak which is found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at . Each panel layout is distinctive and provides a different desktop workflow.
From the main page of Ubuntu MATE Welcome you can also click on the Customise Panels button to open a page that lets you select the panel layout right from the Welcome application.
Of course, since this is Linux, with any of these eight layouts, you can move the panels to the sides of your screen if you like, you can add or remove a dock, and you can even name and save your own customized panel layouts to make it easy to switch between them. All of this is done from MATE Tweak . Using the MATE Tweak application, you also can control the size of the icons that appear in the panels, which icons display on your desktop, and whether the windows show some animation or snap into position when they open. You can even change whether the window controls for Close, Minimize and Maximize appear on the left, like macOS, or on the right, like Windows.
When you first install Ubuntu MATE, you'll be using its own layout, named Familiar. The Familiar layout, introduced in release 18.04, is based on the Traditional layout with the menu-bar (Applications, Places, System) replaced by the Brisk menu's simple " Menu ". The Familiar layout has a clock in the top right, and a panel with the list of open applications at the bottom. The menu for each application appears at the top of the application's window in the familiar way -- that is 'familiar' if you are used to the way it's done on Microsoft's windows. If you prefer to try something else, you can select a different panel layout using the MATE Tweak "Panel" options.
The Traditional layout was the default Ubuntu MATE Layout prior to release 18.04. It has a classic look of Linux with a menu-bar (Applications, Places, System) in the top left, clock in the top right, and a panel with the list of open applications at the bottom. The menu for each application appears at the top of the application's window. This is the traditional way application menus appear on Microsoft's windows.
The Contemporary layout has the classic look of Ubuntu MATE's default Familiar layout, with a menu in the top left, clock in the top right, and a panel with the list of open applications at the bottom. A significant difference from the Familiar layout is that, in the Contemporary layout, each application's menu always appears in the top panel rather than within the individual application's window. Called the "Global Menu," this feature was introduced for Ubuntu MATE 17.10 and is implemented in the traditional way Apple handles menus for its application windows.
The Redmond layout is similar to Microsoft Windows, with a single taskbar containing a menu, a list of open applications, and a clock at the bottom of the screen. Each application's menu bar appears at the top of that application's window in the traditional Windows way. The name "Redmond" is a sly reference to the US city where Microsoft's headquarters is located. The Redmond layout’s "Menu" button provides a list of your applications in the bottom left corner. You will find this familiar if you've ever used Windows or the Linux Mint distribution.
The Cupertino layout is similar to Apple's macOS with a panel at the top of the screen and a dock at the bottom. The dock is used to display the pinned and open applications, and to launch applications. Of course, this layout uses the Global Menu so that the application menus always appear in the top panel rather than on the application windows, in the traditional macOS way. You'll notice one distinctive difference between the Cupertino layout's Ubuntu MATE logo icon in the top left corner, and macOS's Apple logo icon. Instead of a small menu that gives you access to some basic Apple system tools, the Ubuntu MATE icon gives you access to the entire menu of applications, utilities, and system tools.
The Pantheon layout is a blend of the Contemporary layout and the Cupertino layout. It has both a menu in the top left and a dock at the bottom of the screen to display pinned and running applications. Each application's menu appears at the top of that application's window, just as it does in the Redmond layout.
If you have tried other Ubuntu flavors and you like the look of the Unity desktop, you'll find the Mutiny layout familiar. It mimics, as closely as possible, the Unity 7 interface used in traditional Ubuntu through 2017. Mutiny has a dock of icons on the left of the screen to launch applications, show pinned applications, and show running applications. A unique feature of the Mutiny Layout is the menu icon at the top of the dock which displays a full-screen pane of application icons listed in categories. Each application's menu appears at the top of that application's window.
Designed specifically for small screens, the compact Netbook layout has a single taskbar, menu, clock, and list of open applications at the top of the screen. There is no dock or panel at the bottom. That way everything is accessible no matter how small your screen.
Another quick way to adjust the look of your Ubuntu MATE desktop is to change the location of the window controls. You know, the buttons you use to minimize, maximize, and close a window. Ubuntu MATE let's you put them on the left like on macOS or on the right like Windows. You can also include or exclude a button for a menu with more window options. You may notice that the screen shots included in this guide have a mix of button locations. Choose the location that you like best or switch between them as your mood changes.
To change the location of the window buttons:
Most desktop environments allow you to change the background wallpaper by right-clicking on the desktop itself, then selecting the appropriate option from the context menu that appears. Ubuntu MATE is no exception.
Note
You can use the link on the lower left to download more images from the Internet. Always make sure you use only trusted sites to obtain new background images.
A desktop theme can include the set of fonts and colors used on your desktop, the size and style of icons, the size, shape and color of the borders of each window, whether there are 3-D or animation effects, and even whether the buttons have icons. Changing your theme is just as easy as changing background wallpaper.
Note
You can use the link on the lower left to download more themes from the Internet. Always make sure you use only trusted sites to obtain new themes.
The bars at the top and bottom edges of Ubuntu MATE's Traditional Layout are called Panels. Apple's macOS has a menu panel at the top edge of the screen. The icons that are typically at the bottom of a macOS desktop are actually in a dock and not truly in a panel. The single panel in Windows is known as the "taskbar" and is typically located at the bottom edge of the screen. The top and bottom panels of Ubuntu MATE can be easily modified in many ways and moved into a different position on the screen. You can also have more or fewer than two panels if you wish.
Right-click a blank space in the panel and choose Properties from the menu.
From within the dialog box, you can edit Orientation to choose whether you want the panel at the top, at the bottom, or on one of the sides of your screen.
You can increase the size of the panel, and its corresponding icons.
Choose the Expand checkbox to make the panel go completely across the screen. Uncheck it to make it behave more like a dock.
Use the Show hide buttons setting with Expand unchecked to make buttons appear at either end of the panel to let you adjust its size.
The Autohide setting causes the panel to vanish when you move the mouse cursor away from it and reappear when your mouse reaches the edge of the screen where you placed the panel.
The Background tab gives you more options for the appearance of the panel, including the ability to make it completely transparent, a solid color, or add a graphic background image.
Click Close to complete your modifications for this panel.
To add an additional panel, right-click an existing panel and choose New Panel .
Right-click the new panel you just created (or any existing panel) and choose Add to panel to add launchers, monitors, and other panel items.
Now start over at step one, above, and edit the preferences for your shiny new panel!
Ubuntu MATE makes it very easy to add icons, also referred to as shortcuts or launchers, to your desktop for your most frequently used applications. Here, you'll see how to add the word processor icon to your desktop. The process is exactly the same for any application that appears in the Ubuntu MATE menus.
These are the steps to follow:
Locate the application in the menu. For the word processor application, select . (If you have chosen the Traditional Panel Layout, select .)
Now locate, but do not click on the LibreOffice Writer icon.
Right-click on LibreOffice Writer .
From the context menu that appears, select Pin to desktop . (If you have chosen the Traditional Panel Layout, select Add to desktop .)
The finished launcher will appear on your desktop as shown below. You can move it around and place it anywhere you want on the desktop.
Note
If you are using the Brisk menu, the same context menu lets you pin the icon as a shortcut icon to the Favourites menu! You find the Favourites menu at .
If you are using the Main menu (Traditional Layout) you can also add the launcher to the panel from the context menu. Alternatively, you can add a launcher icon to a panel by simply dragging the icon from the menu and dropping it onto the panel, regardless of the panel layout you are using.
If you want to create System icons for such things as your "Computer," your "Home" folder, the "Trash" icon, an icon to access locations on your "Network," or "Mounted Volumes" like USB drives and DVD drives, then Ubuntu MATE makes that easy for you, too. You simply use the MATE Tweak application, located in Control Center to select the icons you want to be displayed. The screenshot below shows your "Desktop" options. Ensure that the Show Desktop Icons setting is checked to be certain that the icons you've selected are visible on your desktop.
Ubuntu MATE provides you with the ability to edit the main menu in the top panel. This can be very helpful if, for example, you have created a bash script that you want to launch from the menu like any other application. You can even give it a custom icon.
Launching a Script:
In this example, you'll see how a custom icon can be added to run a script that toggles on and off 100% screen brightness and a sleep delay. Remember, this is just one example of how you can add something to the menus. You can add a menu item for a script like this, you can add a menu item for an application, or you can add a menu item to open a specific document in a word processor or other application. It's up to you. To illustrate, the screenshot below shows the "toggle-awake.sh" script open for editing in the Pluma text editor application. The Pluma theme has been switched to a brighter one using its Preferences settings to make the text easier to read here.
Note
If you are writing scripts, the Pluma editor is an excellent tool to use. As you can see by the colored text in the script above, it is designed for this with text highlighting, and there other similar features built-in.
Note
If you create a folder named "bin" in your home folder, Ubuntu MATE recognizes any file you place in that folder as a potential executable program or script. To change a file's permissions to allow it to run as any other program: Right-click on the file in the File Manager , select .
Adding the Menu Item:
In the menus, select .
In the left panel, select the category under which you want your menu item to appear. For this example, we'll use the "Accessories" category.
Click the New Item button to start creating your new menu item.
To create an icon that launches an application select Application as the Type .
Click in the field labeled Name and enter the name you want to appear in the menu. In the example, we named our menu item "Awake".
In the Command field, click the Browse button then navigate to, and open, the application or script you want to run. Alternatively, in the Command field, you can type a command as you would enter it in a terminal to run the application. This could simply be the name of the application, the name of your script, or even a long, complex command.
Next, in the Comment field, enter a description if you wish one to appear when you hover over the icon in the menu.
To change the icon for the menu item, click on the icon that is displayed by default. It's a button! Browse the icons and pixmap folders to select the icon you want to use, then click Open . For this example, we use a coffee cup icon located here:
/usr/share/icons/hicolor/48x48/apps/caffeine.pngClick the OK button to create your menu item. It now appears in the list of menu items in the category you chose. It's at the bottom of the list. You can change its position in the menu by selecting your new menu item and using the Move Up and Move Down buttons.
Close the editor to begin using your new menu entry.
Ubuntu MATE makes connecting multiple monitors and changing the resolution quite easy. Changing monitor preferences is accomplished by selecting in the menus.
When you connect a second monitor, it will likely connect automatically. If it doesn't, simply click on the black rectangle that represents the second monitor and choose the On setting. When the display is switched to "On" the rectangle will be in color.
Select the resolution settings you prefer. The list includes all of the resolutions that the monitor is capable of displaying. In this example, an HDMI cable is used to connect a 1080P television as a monitor.
To apply the settings, click the Apply button.
The new configuration is set temporarily. If you don't confirm the settings, for example, if the settings don't work properly, after a short delay the configuration will revert to the previous settings.
Click on Keep This Configuration to confirm your changes.
Linux support for high-resolution computer displays (HiDPI or 4K displays) is still being perfected . However, with the 18.04 release, the Ubuntu MATE team has released a utility that automatically detects your 4K display and sets the appropriate screen scaling for you. Without scaling, you may find that 4K displays, like screens on such modern laptops as the Dell XPS 13, or external 4K monitors have tiny icons and fonts that make them difficult to see and to use. With HiDPI support, Ubuntu MATE lets you take advantage of the full resolution of your beautiful 4K display and still have everything readable.
Of course, Ubuntu MATE allows you to make the decision as to whether to use HiDPI scaling or not. Here is how to make changes to the HiDPI settings.
Before you begin modifying your screen settings, if it wasn't selected by default, you can use the instructions in the previous section to ensure that your display is set to the highest resolution available. If supported, this will be the 4K resolution for your HiDPI display.
Open the MATE Tweak application by selecting .
Choose the Windows icon in the pane on the left side of the MATE Tweak window.
In the HiDPI section, adjust the setting labeled Select a window scaling factor . Choose Auto-detect to have Ubuntu MATE automatically detect and set HiDPI window scaling when it detects a high resolution monitor. Choose Regular if you never want scaling applied. Choose HiDPI if you always want scaling applied.
Your new HiDPI settings will take effect immediately. No need to log out!
Today you can install Linux on almost any computer hardware -- Mac or Windows PC. With a computer like one from designed-for-Linux lines such as System76, Entroware, OpenSourcePC, or Dell XPS Developer Edition, you can be sure you'll have the "just works" experience with whatever version of Linux you choose to install. But whether you choose a computer with Linux pre-installed, or you install it on hardware you already own, out-of-the-box laptop battery life can sometimes be disappointing. Here are some things you can do to improve your laptop's longevity when you don't have a connection to AC power.
The Power Management Settings, found in the Control Panel , allows you to control when the computer sleeps or hibernates, and how the display behaves. Focus on the On Battery Power settings. If your laptop doesn't behave when hibernating, use the "sleep" or "suspend" setting when closing the lid and when the computer is idle.
In addition to using the sleep and suspend settings, reducing the backlight brightness and dimming the screen while idle can reduce the battery drain while operating on battery power.
A laptop's biggest battery usage is typically in powering the LCD screen. The brighter the screen, the more power is consumed. On some models, reducing backlight brightness from 100% to about 50% or even 30% provides enough illumination to see the screen comfortably except when outdoors, and dramatically improves battery life. That adjustment is usually controlled by hardware keys on your keyboard. If you can find a brightness setting that allows you to easily read the screen, but no brighter, then you'll extend your on-battery time for sure. You'll find the software-based brightness adjustment on the On AC Power tab. Its setting applies to both when you are on AC (mains) power and when you are on battery. However, if you also choose Reduce backlight brightness on the On Battery Power tab, then when using battery power, your display is actually adjusted to 50% of the display brightness you choose.
Don't use a Bluetooth mouse, keyboard or headphones? Turn off your Bluetooth adapter by right-clicking on the Bluetooth icon in the top panel and selecting Turn Bluetooth Off . The computer uses power searching for Bluetooth devices. Turn off similar settings for other devices or services (like WiFi) that you never or rarely use.
TLP is an advanced power management utility for Linux that can improve your battery life tremendously. TLP optimizes power settings automatically on startup and every time you change the power source. The Ubuntu MATE 16.04 release came with the TLP command-line utility pre-installed and pre-configured. If you are using a later release of Ubuntu MATE that doesn't install it by default, look in the Software Center for TLP . It'll likely be there, ready to install. The screenshot, below, shows the default configuration of TLP on a Dell XPS 13.
Although today's battery technology is vastly superior to that of just a few years ago, batteries have a finite lifetime. They don't develop a "memory" when you "top them up" like they used to, but they do have a limited number of full charge cycles they can handle before they expire. If your laptop's battery will no longer hold a charge, maybe it's time to replace it. Hopefully, your model allows you to do that. If not, you may be tethered to AC power until you can replace your computer.
The concept of a screensaver was important in the days when the cathode ray tube (CRT) was the only type of computer monitor available. In today's world, this software that originally prevented a permanent image from burning into your CRT screen is used mainly to provide an interesting animated image on the monitor when you step away. Although the power management settings can lock your screen, so too can the screensaver. It's your choice whether to use the screensaver or the power management settings to manage screen locking. If you don't care for an animated screensaver, you can choose to disable it altogether.
The screensaver settings can be found at . Choose from the available default images or choose to use the images you saved in your pictures folder as the screensaver. You can also choose a simple blank screen or random images. The time setting that appears below the image preview allows you to control the amount of time it takes after your mouse and keyboard have been idle before the screensaver activates. Uncheck Activate screensaver when computer is idle to completely disable the screensaver. If you choose to use the screensaver, a check mark in the setting Lock screen when screensaver is active ensures that you must enter your password to dismiss the screensaver. Unchecking the box means that the screensaver will stop as soon as you move the mouse or type on the keyboard.
Ubuntu MATE is a stable, easy-to-use operating system with a configurable desktop environment. It is ideal for those who want the most out of their computers and prefer a traditional desktop metaphor. With modest hardware requirements, it is suitable for modern workstations, single board computers and older hardware alike. Ubuntu MATE makes modern computers fast and old computers usable.
Ubuntu MATE is a desktop distribution (variation) of GNU/Linux -- a dependable, secure, capable, and modern computer system that rivals all others in popularity and usage. Unlike other operating systems, Linux is used:
The Ubuntu MATE operating system is more secure, and better supported than the operating system pre-installed on most home computer hardware today.
Using Ubuntu MATE provides you with the freedom to run a complete, full-featured operating system, pre-configured with most (if not all) of the applications you will need for your daily computing. Change anything about the way it looks, the way it works, or the applications it runs to suit your taste.
Ubuntu MATE has a number of guiding objectives and goals.
Ubuntu MATE is designed to run on almost any computer hardware. Of course, Ubuntu MATE runs particularly well on the newest, fastest hardware, but it also runs well on almost any vintage of machine. In fact, an older computer designed during the Windows Vista era can easily be outfitted with the new, modern and fully-supported Ubuntu MATE and it will likely run better than it did with the previously installed operating system. Of course, Ubuntu MATE will run much more efficiently if your computer meets or surpasses the recommended requirements. These are the recommendations for Desktop and Laptop computers.
| Core 2 Duo | Core i3 |
| 1 gigabyte (GB) of RAM | 4 gigabytes (GB) RAM |
| 8 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk | 16 gigabytes (GB) of available space on the hard disk |
| Bootable DVD-ROM drive | Bootable DVD-ROM or USB flash drive |
| 1024 x 768 or higher resolution | 1440 x 900 or higher (with graphics acceleration) |
| Sound card | Sound card |
| Speakers or headphones | Speakers or headphones |
The Ubuntu MATE website's download page gives you several options for downloading an ".iso image file" that you can use to create a CD, DVD or USB drive that allows you to try Ubuntu MATE without changing your computer at all, with an option to install it permanently later. You will need at least 512MB of RAM to install from this image.
Your first decision will require you to know a little about your computer's hardware specifications.
Choose 64-bit (amd64) if your computer has more than 3GB of RAM, with a 64-bit capable Intel or AMD processor. This is also a good choice for UEFI PCs booting in CSM mode and for modern Intel-based Apple Macs.
Choose PowerPC if you have an older generation PowerPC-based hardware, like Apple Macintosh G3, G4 and G5; Apple iBooks and PowerBooks; and IBM OpenPower 7xx Machines.
The Raspberry Pi 64-bit (arm64) is the 64-bit version ideal for users that intend to run complex applications that will benefit from a 64-bit instruction set. Compatible with models B3, B3+, and B4.
The Raspberry Pi 32-bit (armhf) is for the Raspberry Pi and other compatible microcomputers. This one is 32-bit and is compatible with Models B2, B3, B3+, and B4.
Your second decision is between the version labeled Long Term Support (LTS) release and a 'normal' or 'interim' release. Here is some information about each that will help you choose the right release for you.
Ubuntu MATE releases a new version every six months. Every two years, the release is a Long Term Support release. Interim releases are recommended for users desiring the latest features and applications while LTS releases are recommended for stability and mission-critical systems.
Ubuntu MATE's normal support releases (interim releases) are supported for nine months while LTS releases are supported for three years .
"Support" includes:
Updates for potential security issues and bugs (not new versions of software)
Availability of Commercial support contracts from Canonical
Support by Landscape, Canonical's server management toolset designed for enterprises
Ubuntu MATE's LTS release (five-year support) is the best choice for most users. It is well-supported and will run all the software you depend on. It's regularly updated with new hardware support and performance improvements, so you don't need to be concerned that everything will work properly.
If you are a developer who needs the latest versions of certain packages, the "normal" six-month release cycle (nine-month support) might be for you. If you want to be on the bleeding edge, have the latest versions of all your software, and use the latest features before they make it to the LTS version of Ubuntu MATE, choose the "normal" cycle of six-month releases. Note that the "bleeding edge" refers to the fact that some of these latest versions may not perform as reliably as the versions supported within the LTS releases.
Once you have chosen the version to download, select Direct Download to begin downloading the file you will need for the installation. The file you are downloading ends in ".iso".
Select a location for your downloaded file, if prompted, and click Save to begin your download.
Note
Now that you have the file, the next topic will discuss how to prepare installation media. It also describes how to try Ubuntu MATE without changing your computer at all, or to install Ubuntu MATE permanently onto your computer.
The .iso file you downloaded using the instructions in the previous topic doesn't do you much good on its own. You need to put that file in a form that will allow you to install it on your computer. This section describes how to create the installation media (CD, DVD, SD card, or USB drive) that will allow you to do just that. As a note, installable media is often referred to as "bootable" or "live" media because using this method you run Ubuntu MATE directly from the media, live. This allows you to try Ubuntu MATE on your computer without installing, and without changing anything at all on your computer. When you shut down and remove the "bootable" media, your computer is back to normal.
To install and try Ubuntu MATE from a USB drive or SD card, you’ll need media with at least 4 GB of memory and have downloaded a compatible copy of Ubuntu MATE for your system. You can also use a CD or DVD to install Ubuntu MATE, but this method is recommended only for older computers or where the computer can't be configured to boot from a USB device. For information on how to make a CD or DVD for installation using Windows, macOS, and Ubuntu, see the " Burning ISO HowTo " article on Ubuntu help.
Most likely, if you are considering a switch to Ubuntu MATE, you are using Windows. If you are creating the bootable media from Windows, macOS, or a distribution of Linux, the post " Imaging a USB Drive " on the Ubuntu MATE website provides step-by-step instructions.
Ubuntu MATE is relatively simple to set up, whether you're looking to replace your existing operating system or install Ubuntu MATE alongside an existing one - such as Microsoft Windows or another GNU/Linux distribution.
Step one: Backup!
Back up any important data to another storage device before you start to install in case something goes horribly wrong! Save all of your important files and folders to an external USB drive or a 2nd hard drive. DO NOT save anything to the same drive you intend to use for Ubuntu MATE. Once you start, there is no going back! Here is an article with some considerations around backups: Backup Strategies For Your Computer
Step two: Plan for recovery
If you have a recovery partition and your current system allows you to create recovery disks for your computer, stop reading and go do that now. If you decide that Ubuntu MATE is not for you, this will allow you to reinstall your original operating system. Then you can use the data backup you made in step one to restore all your data.
Step three: Decide what to do with the recovery partition.
If your computer has a recovery partition, if you format over the recovery partition, you will not be able to recover your previous operating system. Only format or remove the recovery partition if you are certain that you don't want it anymore.
Now that you've created the installation media, you've done your backup, and you've planned for recovery (you DID do all that right?) you are ready to install (or just try) Ubuntu MATE. For most relatively modern computer, the installation process will take well under an hour to complete. Stay connected to the Internet to install all available updates. Plug your device into a power source if it is running on battery power.
Completely shut down your computer.
Insert the USB stick.
Start the computer and watch the screen to determine which function key to press to change the boot device. The message flashes by quickly, right at the bottom edge of the screen, but the most frequently used keys are F1 , F2 , F4 , F12 and the Del key. It depends on your computer's manufacturer. If your computer boots up normally and you don't see Ubuntu MATE startup, shut down and try again.
When you get to the screen that lets you change the boot device, select the menu entry that represents the Ubuntu MATE live USB stick. Press the key that lets you boot using the USB stick. That's usually the Enter or F10 key. If you need help, try this article from How-To Geek: " How to Boot Your Computer From a Disc or USB Drive "
Once the computer has started loading Ubuntu MATE, you will be given some options. Select the option: Try Ubuntu MATE .
Once Ubuntu MATE has booted successfully, you will be able to use the computer as though Ubuntu MATE were installed. It's not. It is running from the USB stick. The live session you are currently in right now provides a good opportunity to test Ubuntu MATE without modifying your computer, allowing you to test that all of your peripherals are working as intended before committing to installing it on your machine. Once you are ready, double-click the installation icon on the desktop.
You don't need to connect to the Internet to complete the installation of Ubuntu MATE, but if you want to use the web browser, or if you want to install additional updates during the installation, you should connect your network cable, or connect to Wi-Fi. Click the Network Manager icon in the upper right corner of the screen (near the clock) and select your SSID for your wireless network. If prompted, enter the passcode, click the Connect button and you will be connected.
To begin the installation, double-click the Install Ubuntu MATE icon on the desktop.
Select your language. Press the Continue button.
If you have an Internet connection, choose the option to download updates while installing. For first-time Ubuntu MATE users, you should also choose the option to install third-party software to ensure a smooth transition to your new operating system. Press the Continue button.
Tip
Minimal Installation is presented as a radio button option in the installer, it will install just the MATE Desktop, its utilities, its themes and Firefox. All the other applications such as office suite, email client, video player, audio manager, etc. are not installed. This is a useful option if you have minimal disk space or you wish to select applications other than the default software provided with Ubuntu MATE.
Tip
If you have an NVIDIA GPU connected to your computer and select Install third-party software for graphics and Wi-Fi hardware during installation, the NVIDIA proprietary drivers will be installed.
After completion of your installation, the proprietary NVIDIA drivers are installed and configured. Ubuntu MATE users with laptops that support hybrid graphics will see the MATE Optimus hybrid graphics applet displaying the NVIDIA logo. MATE Optimus adds support for NVIDIA On-Demand and will prompt users to log out when switching the GPU's profile.
If you are sure that you want to completely erase every trace of your previous operating system, choose the option: Erase disk and install Ubuntu MATE . If you are not sure, then choose the option: Install Ubuntu MATE alongside your original operating system. This will allow you to choose which operating system to use when you start your computer. If you chose to install alongside, then press the Continue button.
Press the Install Now button.
Read the message on the screen to confirm your choices, then press the Continue button to start the installation.
Select your location. Press the Continue button.
Choose your preferred keyboard layout. Press the Continue button.
Enter your full name, a name for your computer, a username, and a password. You will use the username and password when you log into your computer. Press the Continue button.
Now wait just a few minutes while the installation completes, and updates are downloaded and installed.
Press the Continue Testing button if you wish to continue to use the live environment, or press the Restart Now button to reboot and log into your new installation of Ubuntu MATE!
When prompted, remove the installation medium, then press Enter . Your computer will restart (if that's what you selected) and you will be prompted for your password to complete the log in process.
If you can't find the answer in this guide, many of the answers are available in the vast resource that is the Ubuntu MATE website. Often, the fastest and easiest way to get answers to your questions about how to use Ubuntu MATE is to ask the friendly and helpful Ubuntu MATE community . The next few topics in this guide describe using this guide, the website, the community, and the wiki, and provide a bit more detail about the kind of support each can provide.
The Ubuntu MATE Guide , found in the Ubuntu MATE menus at , is for users needing a little extra help while learning to use Ubuntu MATE.
In the early days of home computing, computers came with thorough documentation. They included a set of manuals, detailing every button, port, light, software application and software feature. Although this guide doesn't attempt to come close to that level of detail, it's been created for you and other computer users like you who want a reference detailed enough to help you to learn about Ubuntu MATE and its applications and to build your confidence and competence in using them to get things done.
Tip
Many of the applications available in Ubuntu MATE are also available in other flavors of Ubuntu and in other distributions (versions) of Linux.
The guide is divided into these main topics:
Tip
Scrolling through the guide and jumping from topic to topic is fine if you want to read the Ubuntu MATE Guide like a manual. If you are looking for help on a particular topic, clicking the blue magnifying glass icon in the upper right corner of the help window opens a search tool. Type what you want to search for into the search box and press Enter to see a list of topics related to your search.
The Ubuntu MATE website, located at https://ubuntu-mate.org provides a wealth of information. It provides lots of details about the operating system and even a few screenshots to give you a feel for how it looks.
Click the About link for a page that breaks down what exactly Ubuntu MATE is in easy to understand language.
Click the Features link for a page that lets you to dive under the hood and see the features that make Ubuntu MATE different.
The Blog link reveals the place where the Ubuntu MATE project leaders thank the community for its support of Ubuntu MATE, make announcements, and provide updates on planned releases.
Click the Download link to get the latest release of Ubuntu MATE to install on your computer, or give to your friends to try on their computers.
Click the Support link for ways you can get support from the Ubuntu MATE community, a link to the online version of this guide, and other resources. For additional information about the community, see The Ubuntu MATE Community .
The Get Involved link lets you explore the different ways you can contribute to the development of Ubuntu MATE.
The Emporium link reveals the "Ubuntu MATE Emporium" where you can purchase Entroware computers, pre-installed with Ubuntu MATE, books about Ubuntu MATE, shirts, jackets, mugs, and more!
The Funding page details a crowdfunding campaign with three main objectives:
Fund the Ubuntu MATE project’s hosting and bandwidth costs. These include domain name registrations, server hosting and bandwidth costs to provide a website and Discourse powered community space that is not reliant on social networks.
Fund the full-time development of Ubuntu MATE and MATE Desktop and also be able to offer financial rewards to contributors of either project. Help subsidize the travel expenses of team members to represent MATE Desktop and Ubuntu MATE at FLOSS conferences.
Support other Open Source projects that Ubuntu MATE depends upon.
Posing your question to the Ubuntu MATE Community is the fastest and easiest way to get answers about how to use Ubuntu MATE. Join the conversation and get involved. Stop by to share your experiences, ask questions and discuss topics with other users and developers in our growing community.
Ubuntu MATE has many keyboard shortcuts that, by pressing a combination of keys, help you do things that normally require a mouse, trackpad, or another input device. You can find more keyboard shortcuts documented in the Getting Started section of Ubuntu MATE Welcome . This provides a comparison of some of these keyboard shortcuts with those you might have used in your previous operating system.
Note
Changing your theme or window manager in the MATE Tweak tool might change some of these shortcuts. These changes in behavior are indicated in the descriptions and tables that follow.
Every major operating system makes use of a special hardware "meta key" on the keyboard. They are listed below, and for the purpose of running Ubuntu MATE on your computer hardware, the keys are equivalent with one another. In Linux documentation, the "meta key" is often referred to as the "Super key".
| ⌘ | Apple macOS Command key (used on Apple keyboards) |
| ⊞ | The Microsoft Windows logo key (used on Microsoft-branded and many generic keyboards) |
| | The Ubuntu logo key or Tux penguin logo key, also known as the "Super" key (used on keyboards of some computers pre-installed with Linux) |
Your keyboard's meta key can be used by Ubuntu MATE to activate menus and launchers as well as the many keyboard shortcuts that include the "Super" key. As they are for users of the MATE Desktop in other Linux distributions, both the Super + L and the Ctrl + Alt + L key combinations are recognized as screen lock keyboard shortcuts in Ubuntu MATE.
Tip
The Super key just works after you install Ubuntu MATE on most computer hardware. However, when you order a computer pre-installed with Linux from the manufacturer Dell, you will need to follow Dell's instructions on how to enable the Super key. Details are available from Dell's support website in a knowledge base article entitled, " How to enable the Ubuntu super key on Dell OEM Ubuntu installations ." Check your hardware manufacturer's documentation or website to determine if your computer's Super key requires similar setup.
These shortcuts apply in most applications.
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|---|---|---|---|
| Meta Key | | ⌘ | ⊞ |
| Copy the selected text/object | Ctrl + C | ⌘ + C | Ctrl + C |
| Cut the selected text/object | Ctrl + X | ⌘ + X | Ctrl + X |
| Paste/insert the selected text/object | Ctrl + V | ⌘ + V | Ctrl + V |
| Paste the selected text without formatting or with options | Ctrl + Shift + V | ⌘ + Shift + V | Ctrl + Shift + V |
| Select all text | Ctrl + A | ⌘ + A | Ctrl + A |
| Find and replace words | Ctrl + F | ⌘ + F | Ctrl + F |
| Make the selected text bold | Ctrl + B | ⌘ + B | Ctrl + B |
| Make the selected text italic | Ctrl + I | ⌘ + I | Ctrl + I |
| Underline the selected text | Ctrl + U | ⌘ + U | Ctrl + U |
| Open a new document or window | Ctrl + N | ⌘ + N | Ctrl + N |
| Save the current document | Ctrl + S | ⌘ + S | Ctrl + S |
| Open another document | Ctrl + O | ⌘ + O | Ctrl + O |
| Print the current document | Ctrl + P | ⌘ + P | Ctrl + P |
| Undo the last change you made | Ctrl + Z | ⌘ + Z | Ctrl + Z |
| Redo a change that you just undid | Ctrl + Shift + Z | ⌘ + Shift + Z | Ctrl + Y |
| Toggle the current application between full-screen and windowed | F11 | ⌘ + Ctrl + F | F11 |
These shortcuts help you manipulate windows with your keyboard.
| ·············································· ·············································· | ·············································· ·············································· | ·············································· ·············································· | ·············································· ·············································· |
|---|---|---|---|
| Switch between currently open windows | Alt + Tab | ⌘ + Tab | Alt + Tab |
| Switch between currently open windows in all workspaces | Ctrl + Alt + Tab | Ctrl + Alt + Tab | |
| Switch to previous workspace | Ctrl + Alt + ← | Ctrl + ← | ⊞ + Ctrl + ← |
| Switch to next workspace | Ctrl + Alt + → | Ctrl + → | ⊞ + Ctrl + → |
| Move the current window to the previous workspace | Ctrl + Alt + Shift + ← | ||
| Move the current window to the next workspace | Ctrl + Alt + Shift + → | ||
| Quit application | Alt + F4 | ⌘ + Q | Ctrl + F4 |
| Close window | Ctrl + W | ⌘ + W | Ctrl + F4 |
| Move the current window | Alt + F7 | ||
| Resize the current window | Alt + F8 | ||
| Minimize current window | Alt + F9 | ⌘ + M | |
| Toggle maximize the current window | Alt + F10 or + ↑ / + ↓ | ||
| Toggle the pulldown terminal | Alt + F12 | ||
| Display the window menu with options such as 'Always on Top' and 'Minimize' and 'Maximize' and the above commands | Alt + Space | ||
| Place window in top left corner of screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 7 | ⊞ + ← , ⊞ + ↑ | |
| Place window in the top half of screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 8 | ⊞ + ↑ | |
| Place window in top right corner of screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 9 | ⊞ + → , ⊞ + ↑ | |
| Center/Maximize the window in the middle of the screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 5 | ⊞ + ↓ | |
| Place window in the bottom left corner of the screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 1 | ⊞ + ← , ⊞ + ↓ | |
| Place window in the bottom half of screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 2 | ⊞ + ↓ | |
| Place window in the bottom right corner of the screen | Ctrl + Alt + NumPad 3 | ⊞ + → , ⊞ + ↓ |
These are shortcuts you can use to operate parts of the desktop.
| ·············································· ·············································· | ·············································· ·············································· | ·············································· ·············································· | ·············································· ·············································· |
|---|---|---|---|
| Open the Applications menu | Alt + F1 (Main Menu) (Brisk Menu) | Ctrl + Esc or ⊞ | |
| Toggles 'Show Desktop' | Ctrl + Alt + D | F11 | ⊞ + D |
| Run an application by typing its name in the box which appears | Alt + F2 | ⌘ + Space | ⊞ + R |
| Take a screen shot of the whole screen | PrtSc | ⌘ + Shift + 3 | ⊞ + PrtSc |
| Take a screen shot of the current window | Alt + PrtSc | ⌘ + Shift + 4 | Alt + PrtSc |
| Open the dialog box to shutdown, restart or suspend | Tap the Power button | Hold the Power button for 1.5 sec | |
| Lock your screen | Ctrl + Alt + L or + L | Ctrl + Shift + Power or Ctrl + Shift + Eject | ⊞ + L |
| Open a terminal | Ctrl + Alt + T | ||
| Screen reader enable/disable | Ctrl + + S | ⌘ + F5 |
